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World Geography SOL Review Part 2
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| Physical Feature Characteristics of Sub Sahara Africa | Huge Plateaus and escarpments; River transportation impeded by waterfalls and rapids; Climate: location of equator through middle region means similar climate patterns north and south of equator; Smooth coastlines and few harbors; Large number of landlocked (no coastline) countries; abundant mineral wealth; limited fertile soil in rainforest; Deserts: Kalahari in Botswana and Namib in Namibia; Bodies of Water: Nile River, Zambezi River, Niger River, Congo River, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Red Sea, Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika; preserves and national parks to protect wildlife. |
| Climate of Sub Sahara Africa | location of equator through middle region means similar climate patterns north and south of equator; Smooth coastlines and few harbors; Large number of landlocked (no coastline) countries; abundant mineral wealth; limited fertile soil in rainforest; |
| Deserts of Sub Sahara Africa | Kalahari in Botswana and Namib in Namibia |
| Bodies of Water in Sub Sahara Africa | Nile River, Zambezi River, Niger River, Congo River, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Red Sea, Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika; preserves and national parks to protect wildlife. |
| Economic Characteristics of Sub Sahara Africa | Agriculture: large percentage of population at primary level of production, particularly subsistence agriculture and nomadic herding, slash and burn agriculture practiced in rainforest regions, minimal plantation agriculture, cash crops such as coffee and food crops such as cassava, abundant mineral wealth (diamonds, gold, alloys), exports raw materials; poorly developed infrastructure; wide range of per capita income, productivity lags behind population growth (population is growing, productivity is not); desertification threatening the Sahel (south of Sahara); Developing: low GDP per capita, low life expectancy, high population growth rate, high infant mortality (number of infants who die before the age of one), large percentage of population under 15, low literacy rates |
| Agriculture of Sub Sahara Africa | large percentage of population at primary level of production, particularly subsistence agriculture and nomadic herding, slash and burn agriculture practiced in rainforest regions, minimal plantation agriculture, cash crops such as coffee and food crops such as cassava, abundant mineral wealth (diamonds, gold, alloys), exports raw materials; poorly developed infrastructure; wide range of per capita income, productivity lags behind population growth (population is growing, productivity is not); desertification threatening the Sahel (south of Sahara); |
| Development of Sub Sahara Africa | low GDP per capita, low life expectancy, high population growth rate, high infant mortality (number of infants who die before the age of one), large percentage of population under 15, low literacy rates |
| Cultural Characteristics of Sub Sahara Africa | Mandy different ethnic groups, languages, customs; large number of refugees (someone who is forced from their homeland to another due to war); history passed down through oral tradition (stories, songs, folk tales, etc.), country names related to historical empires (Mali, Ghana, Zimbabwe); Diversity reflected in cultural heritage: masks, sculpture, dance, music, colorful dress, jewelry; Cities as centers of culture and trade: Lagos-Nigeria, Dakar-Senegal, Johannesburg-South Africa; Cultural Landscape shows: markets, churches, mosques and minarets, villages, modern city cores |
| Cities as centers of culture and trade in Sub Sahara Africa | Lagos-Nigeria, Dakar-Senegal, Johannesburg-South Africa |
| Countries of Russia and Central Asia | Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan |
| Physical Characteristics of Russia and Central Asia | Vast land area: spans two continents (Europe and Asia) and covers 11 time zones; Varies Climate: vast areas of tundra, permafrost, taiga, steppe regions; Chernozem: “Black Earth” soil, dark and fertile; Mountains: Caucasus and Ural (divides Europe from Asia); Region of Siberia “sleeping land” located east of Urals; Major oil reserves, natural gas, and mineral resources found in Siberia; Water Features: Volga River, Ob River, Amur River, Lake Baikal (deepest freshwater lake in the world), Caspian Sea, Aral Sea (shrinking due to cotton irrigation), Bering Strait (separates Asia from North America), Pacific Ocean, Arctic Ocean; Some rivers flow north into Arctic Ocean |
| Climate of Russia and Central Asia | vast areas of tundra, permafrost, taiga, steppe regions; Chernozem: “Black Earth” soil, dark and fertile |
| Mountains of Russia and Central Asia | Caucasus and Ural (divides Europe from Asia); Region of Siberia “sleeping land” located east of Urals; Major oil reserves, natural gas, and mineral resources found in Siberia |
| Water Features of Russia and Central Asia | Volga River, Ob River, Amur River, Lake Baikal (deepest freshwater lake in the world), Caspian Sea, Aral Sea (shrinking due to cotton irrigation), Bering Strait (separates Asia from North America), Pacific Ocean, Arctic Ocean; Some rivers flow north into Arctic Ocean |
| Economic Characteristics of Russia and Central Asia | In transition from a communist (government controlled) to a free market (people controlled) economy; Farming (especially wheat) and industry concentrated in Fertile Triangle region where chernozem is located; best infrastructure Trans-Siberian Railroad, use rivers and canals for transportation; Hydroelectric power, oil, natural gas used as an energy source; Most natural resources are not fully developed because of the vast area of land and lack of transportation routes therefore foreign competition invests in resources such as oil; political and economic difficulties after breakup of Soviet Union; Cotton produced in Central Asia (irrigation causing Aral Sea to shrink) |
| Cultural Characteristics of Russia and Central Asia | Diverse ethnic groups with different customs and traditions; Cultural Heritage: Ballet, Faberge eggs, music, religious icons, Matrioshka (Nesting) Dolls, Oriental carpets, Samovars (tea urns); Cultural Landscape: Russian Orthodox churches, St. Basil’s Church (Red Square, Moscow), Kremlin (government building, Red Square, Moscow), mosques and minarets (Central Asia), Siberian villages (rural Russia) and Soviet-Style apartments (urban Russia); Cities as centers of culture and trade: Moscow (capital of Russia), St. Petersburg (“Window to the West”, Russia), Novosibirsk |
| Cultural Heritage of Russia and Central Asia | Ballet, Faberge eggs, music, religious icons, Matrioshka (Nesting) Dolls, Oriental carpets, Samovars (tea urns) |
| Cities as centers of culture and trade in Russia and Central Asia | Moscow (capital of Russia), St. Petersburg (“Window to the West”, Russia), Novosibirsk |
| South, Southeast, and East Asia Countries | South Asia: Afghanistan Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia: Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia, Burma (Myanmar), Laos, Vietnam, Singapore, Brunei, East Asia: Mongolia, China (People’s Republic of China), Japan, Taiwan (Republic of China), North Korea, South Korea |
| South Asian countries | Afghanistan Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia: Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia, Burma (Myanmar), Laos, Vietnam, Singapore, Brunei, |
| East Asian countries | Mongolia, China (People’s Republic of China), Japan, Taiwan (Republic of China), North Korea, South Korea |
| Physical Characteristics of South, Southeast, and East Asia | Population, settlement patterns, movement of people as well as climate influenced by mountains; Mountains: Himalayas (highest mountain chain in the world), Western and Eastern Ghats (Southern India), Mount Fuji (Japan); Climate: varied ranging from tropical wet to humid continental; Natural Hazards: Monsoon (seasonal winds that bring a wet/dry season), typhoons (hurricanes in the Pacific), volcanoes, and earthquakes; Rivers, seas, and ocean currents influence agriculture, trade, and transportation; Bodies of Water: Arabian Sea (West of India), Indian Ocean, Bay of Bengal (east of India), Ganges River (India), Indus River (India), Brahmaputra River (India), Pacific Ocean, Yangtze River (China), Yellow River (China), Mekong River (Vietnam); Abundant arable (farmable) land; Gobi Desert (Mongolia and China), Plateau of Tibet (China-“roof of the world”), Loess-windblown soil that is yellow in color |
| Mountains of South, Southeast, and East Asia | Himalayas (highest mountain chain in the world), Western and Eastern Ghats (Southern India), Mount Fuji (Japan); Climate: varied ranging from tropical wet to humid continental |
| Natural Hazards of South, Southeast, and East Asia | Monsoon (seasonal winds that bring a wet/dry season), typhoons (hurricanes in the Pacific), volcanoes, and earthquakes; Rivers, seas, and ocean currents influence agriculture, trade, and transportation |
| Bodies of Water of South, Southeast, and East Asia | Arabian Sea (West of India), Indian Ocean, Bay of Bengal (east of India), Ganges River (India), Indus River (India), Brahmaputra River (India), Pacific Ocean, Yangtze River (China), Yellow River (China), Mekong River (Vietnam) |
| Gobi Desert | Mongolia and China |
| Plateau of Tibet | China-“roof of the world” |
| Cultural Characteristics of South, Southeast, and East Asia | Uneven distribution of population (areas of extremely dense and sparse population); Contrast between poor rural areas and advanced urban areas; Religious diversity: Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, Taoism, Shinto, Confucianism; High respect for ancestors; Religious conflicts (Hindu and Muslim in the region of the Kashmir); Cultural Heritage: Silks, Batik fabrics, wood and ivory carving, ideogram (uses symbols in writing), jewels: Cities as centers of culture and trade: Tokyo (Japan), Beijing (China), New Delhi (India); Cultural Landscape: Taj Mahal (India), Angkor Wat (Cambodia), Great Wall of China (China), Floating markets (SE Asia), Mosques and minarets, Pagodas, Temples and Shrines, Terraced rice fields |
| Countries of Australia, Pacific Islands, and Antarctica | Wide range of vegetation from tropical rain forest to desert scrub in Australian desert; Australia is mostly desert; Great Dividing Range separates Eastern Australia from the rest of continent; Great Barrier Reef (coral reef off eastern coast of Australia); unique animal life due to isolation of Australian continent; Antarctica is the world’s coldest, driest, windiest continent (icecap); Pacific Islands volcanic, coral, or continental |
| Economic Characteristics of Australia, Pacific Islands, and Antarctica | Air and water travel bring goods and services to otherwise remote areas; Dry outback of Australia well suited for cattle and sheep ranching; Introduction of non-native plants and animals upset environment; Ranching and mining are primary activities along with communication and financial services (tertiary activities) |
| Cultural Characteristics of Australia, Pacific Islands, and Antarctica | Population: Pacific Islands are sparsely populated, Most of Australia’s population in along the coast; Pacific Islanders practice traditional culture; Lifestyle range from subsistence farming to modern city living; Mixed Culture: European and indigenous (Maori in New Zealand and Aborigines in Australia), Antarctica has no permanent residents; Cities as centers of culture and trade: Canberra, A.C.T. (Australian capital), Sydney (Australia); Melbourne (Australia); Cultural Landscape: Sydney Opera House, cattle and sheep stations (Australia), research stations (Antarctica), thatched roof dwelling (Pacific Islands) |
| Influences of population distribution | Natural Resources (oil, arable land, water), Climate (hot/cold and wet/dry), Economic development, government policy, rural/urban settlement, capital resources (transportation, technology), conflicts (refugees) |
| Characteristics of human populations | Birth rates: number of births per year, Death rates: number of deaths per year-both determined by factors such as war, disease, and migration; Age distribution-how many young/old people make up a percentage of the population; male/female distribution, life expectancy-how long the average person lives; infant mortality-number of infant deaths before the age of one; urban/rural ratio-number of people living in cities or in the country; GDP-Gross Domestic Product-how much money a family makes in a year; Ethnicity, Language, Religion, Education |
| Factors that influence growth rates | Modern medicine and hygiene (people are healthier and live longer) ; Education (birth control), Industrialization and urbanization; Economic development; Government policy (i.e. China’s one child policy); role of women in society (when women have careers, families tend to be smaller) |
| Push Factors | Things that drive people AWAY from a location. Examples: overpopulation, religious persecution, lack of job opportunities, agricultural decline, conflict, political persecution, natural hazards (droughts, floods, famines, volcanic eruptions), limits on personal freedoms, environmental degradation (destruction of the environment) |
| Pull Factors | Things that draw people INTO a region. For example: religion, economic opportunity, land availability, political freedom, ethnic and family ties, arable land |
| Impacts of Migration | Multiple languages, different religions and religious freedom, new customs/traditions, changing of the cultural landscape (what you see on the landscape that reflects the culture) |
| Evidence of cultural interaction | Diffusion of U.S. culture to other regions (spreading of U.S. culture to other regions); popularization of other culture’s’ traditions in the United States |
| Use of energy resources and technology (at it has changed over time) | Wood (leads to deforestation), coal (leads to pollution, mining problems, competition with oil and gas), Petroleum (used for transportation, evnironmental considerations when deciding to drill), nuclear (leads to contamination/waste), soalr and wind (cleaner, renewable, along the coast); technologies that create demand for resources: steam engine (coal), Internal combustion engine (petroleum) |
| technologies that create demand for resources | steam engine (coal), Internal combustion engine (petroleum) |
| Renewable Natural Resources | replaced by nature (soil, water, forests) |
| Nonrenewable Natural Resources | can not be replaced by nature (fossil fuels-oil, coal, natural gas and metals-gold, iron, copper, bauxite) |
| Human Resources | Include levels of education, skilled and unskilled labor, entreprenurial and managerial abilities; impact of technology: computer chip-requires more skilled labor |
| Capital Resources | Availability of money for investment; level of infrastructure; availability and use of toods, machines, and technologies |
| Levels of economic production | Primary: dealing directly with resources (farming, fishing, forestry, mining); Secondary: manufacturing and processing (steel mills, automobile assembly, sawmill); Tertiary: services (transportation, retail trade, information, technology services) |
| Effects of unequal distribution of resources | Interdependence: nations depending on each other, trading goods, services, and capital resources; Uneven economic development; Energy producers and consumers; Imperialism: one country takes over another country; Conflict over control of resources |
| Costs/Benefits of economic production | Costs: Resource depletion, environmental degradation, health problems; Benefits: production of goods and services, employment opportunities, development of technologies |
| Developed Countries | Access to natural resources, access to capital resources (investments in technology and infrastructure), high number of skilled laborers, high levels of economic development, high standard of living, numerous cities, secondary and tertiary levels of production, high GDP per capita, advanced education systems, low population growth rate, age of population evenly distributed, high literacy rate, high life expectancy, low infant mortality; |
| Developing Countries | Not close to natural resources, limited capital resources, low number of skilled laborers, low levels of economic development, low standard of living, many people live in rural areas, primary levels of production, low GDP per capita, low educational achievement, high population growth rate, age of population unevenly distributed (young population), low literacy rate, low life expectancy, high infant mortality |
| Influences of economic activity | Access to human, natural, and capital resources: skills of work force, type and amount of natural resources, access to new technologies, transportation and communication networks, availability of invest capital (having money to invest); Location and ability to exchange goods: landlocked countries, coastal and island countries, proximity to shipping lanes, access to communication networks; Membership in alliances: provides access to markets (EU-European Union, NAFTA-North American Free Trade Agreement) |
| Comparative Advantage | Countries export goods and services that they can produce at lower relative costs than other countries. |
| Effects of unequal distribution of resources | Specialization in goods and services that a country can market for a profit (comparative advantage), exchanging of goods and services (exporting (sending out) what a country can market for profit; importing (bring in) what a country cannot produce profitable.) |
| Reasons why countries trade | Import goods and services that they need; Export goods and services they can market for profit |
| Effects of comparative advantage on international trade | Enables nations to produce goods and services that they can market for profit; influence development of industries (steel, aircraft, automobile, clothing); supports specialization and efficient use of human resources |
| Japan's use of resources | highly industrialized nation despite limited natural resources |
| Russia's use of resources | numerous resources, many of which are not economically profitable to develop |
| United State's use of resources | diversified economy, abundant natural resources, specialized industries |
| Cote d’Ivoire's use of resources | limited natural resources, cash crops in exchange for manufactured goods |
| Switzerland's use of resources | limited natural resources, production of services on a global scale |
| Changes in economic and social interactions | Industrial labor systems (cotton industry, factory, office, telecommunication); migration from rural to urban areas; Industrialized countries export labor-intensive work to developing nations; growth of trade alliances; growth of service industries; growth of financial markets and international banks; Internationalization of product assembly (vehicles, electronic equipment); technology allows instant communication among people in different countries; modern transportation networks allow rapid and efficient exchange of goods and materials (Federal Express, United Parcel Service, U.S. Postal Service); Widespread marketing of products (Fuji film, Nike, United Colors of Benetton) |
| Economic Unions | EU: European Union; NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement; ASEAN: Association of Southeast Asian Nations; OPEC: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries |
| EU | European Union |
| NAFTA | North American Free Trade Agreement |
| ASEAN | Association of Southeast Asian Nations |
| OPEC | Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries |
| Advantages of Economic Unions | More efficient industries; Access to larger markets; Access to human, natural, and capital resources without restriction; Greater influence on world market |
| Disadvantages of Economic Unions | Closing of some industries; Concentration of some industries in certain countries, leaving peripheral areas behind; Agribusiness replacing family farms; Difficulty in agreeing on common economic policies |
| Political Divisions | Ways of organizing the world. Examples: Neighborhoods, election districts, school districts, regions districts (bus lines, waste disposal, conservation districts, planning districts, area code zones), cities, counties, states |
| Reasons for Political Divisions | Desire for government to be closer to home, need to solve local problems, need to administer resources more efficiently, differences in culture, language, religion, retention of historical boundaries, imperial conquest and control, economic similarities and differences |
| Reasons for conflict | Natural disasters, economic advantage (attract new business), cultural similarities, ethnic neighborhoods, addressing regional issues (waste management, magnet schools, transportation)Examples: Humanitarian Initiatives-Red Cross/Red Crescent, Economic Alliances-Law of the Sea, China and the U.S., multinational corporations, NAFTA, OPEC, Cultural alliances-Francophone world (French-speaking world), Commonwealth of Nations, Military Alliances-NATO, Problem-Solving Alliances-Antarctica Treaty, UN peacekeepers, Programs to promote international understanding-Peace Corps, Alliances for environmental preservation, Foreign Aid |
| Examples of Alliances | NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization, EU: European Union, OPEC: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, NAFTA: North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement, UN: United Nations, OAS: Organization of American States, ASEAN: Association of Southeast Asian Nations, AU: African Union |
| NATO | North Atlantic Treaty Organization |
| EU | European Union |
| OPEC | Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries |
| NAFTA | North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement |
| UN | United Nations |
| OAS | Organization of American States |
| ASEAN | Association of Southeast Asian Nations, |
| AU | African Union |
| Site City | Definition: Location of a city based on physical features. Examples: Harbor Sites (New York City; Alexandria, Egypt; Istanbul, Turkey), Island Sites (Paris-originally located on an island; Hong Kong, China; Singapore), Fall Line Sites (Richmond, VA), Confluence Sites (Khartoum, Sudan; Pittsburgh, PA), Hilltop Sites (Rome, Italy; Athens, Greece; Jerusalem, Israel), Oasis Sites (Damascus, Syria; Siwa, Egypt), Sites where rivers narrow (London, England; Quebec City, Quebec) |
| Situation City | Definition: location of a city with respect to other geographic features, regions, resources, and transportation routes. Examples: Baghdad, Iran (Command of land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers), Istanbul , Turkey (command for straits and land bridge to Europe), Mecca, Saudi Arabia; Varanasi, India (Focal points of pilgrimages), Samarkand, Uzbekistan; Xi’an, China; Timbuktu, Mali; Singapore (cities that grew up around trade routes), Cape Town, South Africa (supply station for ships), Omaha, Nebraska; Sacramento, California (cities that grew up along the U.S. Continental Railroad), Novosibirsk, Vladivostok, Russia (cities that grew up along the Trans-Siberian Railroad) |
| Functions of Towns and Cities | Security and defense, religious centers, trade centers, government administration, manufacturing centers, service centers |
| Examples of changes in city functions | Rio de Janeiro: Move of Brazil’s capital city from Rio de Janeiro to Brasilia; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: early function connected to defense, then became steel manufacturing center, later shifted to diverse services (financial, light manufacturing); New York City: Changes in trade patterns, coastal and transatlantic trade, trade from Great Lakes via Erie Canal, worldwide trade and finances; Mining Towns: ghost towns-resource depletion, changes in environment |
| Influences of urban areas on their regions and countries | Nation-building (monuments, symbols); Transportation/communication hubs; Magnets for migration; Seed beds of new ideas and technologies; Diversity, leading to creativity in the arts; Universities, educational opportunities; Corporate headquarters/ regional offices; Media centers (news and entertainment) |
| Problems with growth of urban areas | Transportation-as automobiles increase; Rich and poor isolated in neighborhoods; Providing essential services (fresh water, sewage, disposal, electricity, schools, clinics) with rapid immigration (especially in Latin America, Africa, and Asia); Air, water and noise pollution increases; Sprawl results in conversion of agricultural land to urban use (especially in North America); In developing countries, major cities are more connected to region outside the country than to regions in the country. |
| Examples of geographic application at the local and regional levels | Air and water quality monitoring and management; Recycling programs; Land use and transportation planning; Selection of locations for residential and commercial development |
| Geographic Relationships | Influence of Physical Characteristics: Natural hazards (flooding, earthquakes, volcanoes, drought), Climate change; Human Characteristics: Population distribution, patterns of ethnic diversity, a sense of place (attachment) to a place, patterns of trade and interdependence (oil), patterns of wealth and poverty (developed/developing nations) |
| Influence of Physical Characteristics | Natural hazards (flooding, earthquakes, volcanoes, drought), Climate change |
| Human Characteristics | Population distribution, patterns of ethnic diversity, a sense of place (attachment) to a place, patterns of trade and interdependence (oil), patterns of wealth and poverty (developed/developing nations) |
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