| A | B |
|---|
| What are the 2 Kingdoms of Bacteria? | Archaebacteria and Eubacteria |
| Name 2 "ancient bacteria" and tell which conditions it can withstand. | Methanogens- live in bogs, intestines. Halophiles- live in the Dead Sea (high salinity) Thermoacidophiles- found in hot sulfur springs and volcanic vents-thrive under high temp. and acidity |
| What are the shapes of eubacteria? | Coccus-round Bacillus-rod shaped Spirilla-helically coiled Strepto-chain Staphylo-cluster |
| What does pathogenic mean? | disease causing agent |
| Are most bacteria harmful? | No, some are beneficial |
| Name a bacterial disease that can form endospores and explain what these are. | Anthrax, botulism, and tetanus. Special resting cells that can withstand extreme conditions |
| What is the difference between a gram positive(purple stain) and gram negative (pink stain) bacterium | Gram postive- contain peptidoglycan in their cell walls gram negative- do not contain peptidoglycan in their cell walls |
| Do all bacteria need oxygen to live? | No. Obligate aerobes require oxygen and obligate anaerobes do not. Facultative anaerobes can have either or. |
| Name some ways we use bacteria | 1. Fix nitrogen 2. Decomposers 3. Digestion 4. Dairy products 5. Chemical processes: vitamins, vinegar, linens |
| What is a disease that can affect young people such as yourself? How might you prevent it? | Streptococcus (strep throat)-wash hands. Giardia intestinalis-wash hands (good personal hygiene)- spread through contaminated water. |
| What are 3 ways in which archaebacteria differ from eubacteria? | Archaebacteria lack peptidoglycan in cell wall, different membrane lipids, DNA sequences are more like those of eukaryotes than eubacteria |
| Describe four factors that are used to identify prokaryotes | 1. Shape (cocci,bacilli,&spirilla), 2 Chemical nature of cell walls 3. movement 4. Way the obtain energy |
| What are three ways in which bacteria are vital to the living world? | 1. Photosynthesis 2 Decomposition 3. Human uses |
| In prokaryotes, how are the binary fission and conjugation different? | Binary fission-replicates DNA & divide in half. Conjugation- Hollow tube forms between 2 bacterial cells and they exchange genetic information |
| Why are viruses not considered living organisms? | Viruses do not have all of the characteristics of life. |
| What are 2 components of a virus? | 1. Nucleic acid core 2. Capsid |
| What is a capsid? | Protein outer coating |
| Name the 4 viral shapes | 1 Icosahedron (common cold&polio) 2. Rod shaped (rabies and mumps) 3. Thread (ebola) 4. Spike (HIV) |
| Why are viruses sometimes referred to as parasites? | They attach themselves to a host to survive or replicate |
| How did scientists learn about viral replication? | We watch virus infect bacteria |
| What is the difference between a virulent and temperate virus? | Virulent- actively makes a person sick. Temperate virus- entest a period of latency |
| How do we classify viruses? | By their nucleic acid core or by the shape of the capsid |
| Give 2 examples of a DNA virus and an RNA virus | DNA viruses-chicken pox and mono. RNA viruses- rhinovirus and HIV |
| What is meant by pathogenic? | disease-causing agent |
| What is a prokaryote? | Without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles |
| Explain the 3 ways eubacteria obtain energy. | 1. Photoautotrophs- photosynthesis 2. Chemoautotrophs-chemosynthesis 3. Photoheterotrophs-photosynthesis and take in nutrients |
| What are endospores? | Special resting cells that can withstand extreme conditions |
| How is genetically engineered polio being used to treat cancer? | "PVS-RIPO" releases toxins that poison cancer cells and is incapable of reproducing in normal cells |
