| A | B |
|---|
| ATP | high-energy molecule that contains, within its bonds, energy that cells can use(short for adenosine triphosphate) |
| ADP | low-energy molecule that can be converted to ATP(short for adenosine diphosphate) |
| chemosynthesis | process by which ATP is synthesized by using chemicals as an energy source instead of light |
| photosynthesis | process by which light energy is converted to chemical energy; produces sugar and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water |
| chlorophyll | light-absorbing pigment molecule in photosynthetic organisms. |
| thylakoid | membrane-bound structure within chloroplasts that contains chlorophyll and other light-absorbing pigments used in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis |
| light-dependent reactions | part of photosynthesis that absorbs energy from sunlight and transfers energy to the light-independent reactions |
| light-independent reacations | part of photosynthesis that uses energy absorbed during the light-dependent reactions to synthesize carbohydrates |
| photosystem | series of light-absorbing pigments and proteins that capture and transfer energy in the thylakoid menbrane |
| electron transport chain | series of proteins in the thylakoid and mitochondrial membranes that aid in converting ADP to ATP by transferring electrons |
| ATP synthase | enzyme that catalyzes the reaction that adds a high-energy phosphate group to ADP to form ATP |
| Calvin cycle | process by which a photosynthetic organism uses energy to synthesize simple sugars from CO2 |
| cellular respiration | process of producing ATP by breaking down carbon-based molecules when oxygen is present |
| aerobic | process that requires oxygen to occur |
| glycolysis | anaerobic process in which glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate and two net ATP are produced |
| anaerobic | process that does not require oxygen to occur |
| Krebs cycle | process during cellular respiration that breaks down a carbon molecule to produce molecules that are used in the electron transport chain |
| electron transport chain | series of proteins in the thylakoid and mitochondrial membranes that aid in converting ADP to ATP by transferring electrons |
| fermentation | anaerobic process by which ATP is produced by glycolsis |
| lactic acid | product of fermentation in many types of cells, including human muscle cells |
