| A | B |
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| geography | the study of people, their environments, and the resources available to them |
| latitude | imaginary lines that divide the earth into north and south region and include the Equator |
| longitude | imaginary lines that divide the earth into east or west regions and include the Prime Meridian |
| archaeology | the study of finding and analyzing artifacts |
| anthropology | a huge field of study including the origins and development of humans past and present |
| technology | this term refers to the skills and tools people use meet their basic needs and wants |
| historian | experts in the study of how people lived in the historical past using artifacts and written evidence |
| artifact | objects made by humans |
| prehistory | the long period of time before recorded or written history |
| culture | refers to the way of life of a society including beliefs |
| hunter/gatherer | the nomadic lifestyle of early man |
| nomad | humans who move about to gather food |
| domesticate | to raise plants and animals in controlled ways that make them best suited for human use |
| Neolithic Revolution | change in human societies from hunting and gathering to a settled way of life based on agriculture and domestication |
| Paleolithic Period | earliest period of human history meaning old stone age humans were primarily hunter/gatherers using stone bone and wood for tools |
| Neolithic | second period of human prehistory meaning new stone age agriculture began during this time and the use of metal for tools and weapons |
| Animism | the belief that spirits inhabited plants, animals, objects, or dreams |
| surplus | meaning extra refers to goods left over after all needs have been met |
| artisan | people who specialized in jobs and became skilled craft workers |
| scribe | specially trained people who could read and write in early civilizations |
| “city-state” | political unit that includes a city and surrounding villages/land |
| empire | a group of states or territories controlled by one ruler |
| steppe | dry grassland |
| cultural diffusion | “the spread of ideas, culture, and technology from one people to another |
| polytheistic | belief in many gods |
| pictographs | drawings that represent objects |
| civilization | advanced stage of human society marked by well organized government and high levels of culture science and industry |
| Mary and Louis Leaky | anthropologists who have discovered some of the oldest hominid bones foot prints and tools in the Olduvai Gorge of the Great Rift Valley in Tanzania |
| Donald Johanson | an anthropologist who discovered one of the oldest hominid skeleton and named the skeleton Lucy in 1974 |
| Lucy | Around 1974 a famous hominid skeleton was discovered in Ethiopia in East Africa The hominid was discovered by Donald Johanson and his team of archaeologists |
| Jericho | one of the earliest Neolithic villages located in what is present day Jordan it had a population of several thousand was about the size of 8 football fields occurred10000 years ago surrounded by a wall that was 12 feet high and 6 feet thick |
| Australapithecus afarensis | scientific name fo hominid skeleton named Lucy |
| Homo sapiens | hominid group that modern humans belong to |
| Hominid | group of primates that walk upright on two feet including humans |
| Place | theme of geography that is described by the physical features and by the human characteristics |
| Location | theme of geography that tells where a place is on the Earth. |
| Region | theme of geography that divides the world based on location culture politics etc. |
| primary sources | information that comes directly from a person who experienced an event |
| secondary sources | information about an event that does not come from a person who experienced the event |
| frame of reference | use of knowledge and personal experience to evaluate the reliability of information found in sources |
| bronze | formed from the combination of copper lead and tin was harder and more resistant to weathering than copper |
| copper | a soft metal first used by humans |
| iron | a hard metal that humans had to learn to purify from the ore |
| AD | Anno Domini (in the year of our Lord)” |
| BC | Before Christ |
| CE | Common Era |
| relative dating | dating method used to compare and determine the ages of material remains found near one another |
| absolute dating | dating method that determines exact ages of organic objects such as bones, by measuring carbon - 14, a radioactive element |
| Neanderthal | an early hominid of the group Homo sapiens that lived mostly in Europe and Asia, but disappeared over time leaving only modern humans |
| Homo habilis | meaning "handy man," this group of hominids was first to make stone tools |
| Homo erectus | meaning "upright man," this group of hominids walked fully upright, had larger brains and bones, with smaller teeth |
| "Out of Africa" Theory | theory which states that Homo sapiens first lived in Africa and then migrated into other areas of the world |
| Çatalhüyük | An early city located in present day Turkey that dates back to about 7,200 B.C.E. and may have had a population of 6,500 people. The village included hundreds of rectangular mud-brick houses, all connected and all about the same size. |
| Historiography | Study of history though an analysis of sources, author’s perspective, and research methods |
