| A | B |
|---|
| operons | set of genes all regulated as a single unit |
| inducible | operon turned on by substrate |
| repressible | operon turned off |
| mutation | change in phenotype due to change in genotype |
| wild type | natural, nonmutated characteristic |
| mutant strain | organism that has a mutation |
| spontaneous mutation | random changes in DNA due to errors due to replication |
| induced mutations | results from being exposed to mutagens |
| mutagens | physical or chemicals that disrupt DNA |
| Point mutation | addition, deletion, or substitution of a few bases |
| Missense mutation | causes change in a single amino acid |
| Nonsense mutation | changes a normal codon into a stop codon |
| Silent mutation | alters a base but does not change the amino acid |
| Back-mutation | when a mutated gene reverses to its original base composition |
| Frameshift mutation | when the reading frame of the mRNA is altered |
| Selection | A test that allows only cells WITH a characteristic to grow |
| Screen | A test that allows + and – cells to grow, but somehow produces different phenotypes |
| His- | Lacking a gene required for histidine sythesis |
| Δ | Deletion from chromosome |
| Auxotroph | Requires supplementation with particular chemical or nutrient that the wild type does not |
| Complementation | Regain of function due to additional DNA (typically on a plasmid) |
| Genetic recombination | When one organism acquires DNA from another |
| 3 means for genetic recombination in bacteria | Conjugation, Transformation, Transduction |
| Conjugation | transfer of a plasmid from a donor cell to a recipient cell via a direct connection |
| Transformation | DNA from a dead cell (or from a scientist) are accepted by a recipient cell |
| Transduction | bacteriophage (virus) serves as a carrier of DNA from a donor cell to a recipient cell |
