| A | B |
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| Apparent recovery of host does not always mean the microbe has been________ | removed |
| Latency | after the initial symptoms in certain chronic diseases, the microbe can periodically become active and produce a recurrent disease |
| Chronic carrier | – person with a latent infection who sheds the infectious agent |
| Sequelae – | long-term or permanent damage to tissues or organs |
| Microbe Reservoir | – primary habitat of pathogen in the natural world Human or animal carrier, soil, water, plants |
| Source | – individual or object from which an infection is actually acquired |
| Carrier | an individual who inconspicuously shelters a pathogen and spreads it to others |
| Asymptomatic carrier | – shows no symptoms |
| Passive carrier | example – contaminated healthcare provider picks up pathogens and transfers them to other patients |
| If a nurse transfers a pathogen between patients without becoming infected herself, the nurse has acted as the-- | Passive Carrier (no microbe replication in nurse) |
| examples of vectors | Majority of vectors are arthropods – fleas, mosquitoes, flies, and ticks Some larger animals can also spread infection – mammals, birds, lower vertebrates |
| A live animal (other than human) that transmits an infectious agent from one host to another is called a --- | vector |
| Biological vectors | – actively participate in a pathogen’s life cycle |
| Mechanical vector | – not necessary to the life cycle of an infectious agent and merely transports it without being infected |
| zoonosis | An infection indigenous to animals but naturally transmissible to humans |
| Communicable disease | – when an infected host can transmit the infectious agent to another host and establish infection in that host |
| Non-communicable infectious | disease does not arise through transmission from host to host |
| Direct contact – | physical contact or fine aerosol droplets |
| Indirect contact | – passes from infected host to intermediate conveyor and then to another host |
| Nosocomial Infections | Diseases that are acquired or developed during a hospital stay |
| universal precautions | Stringent measures to prevent the spread of nosocomial infections--Based on the assumption that all patient specimens could harbor infectious agents, so must be treated with the same degree of care |
| Prevalence | – total number of existing cases with respect to the entire population usually represented by a percentage of the population |
| Incidence | – measures the number of new cases over a certain time period, as compared with the general healthy population |
| Mortality rate | – the total number of deaths in a population due to a certain disease |
| Morbidity rate | – number of people afflicted with a certain disease |
| Epidemiology | The study of the frequency and distribution of disease and health-related factors in human populations |
| cdc | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, GA – principal government agency responsible for keeping track of infectious diseases nationwide |
| Endemic – | disease that exhibits a relatively steady frequency over a long period of time in a particular geographic locale |
| Sporadic – | when occasional cases are reported at irregular intervals |
| Epidemic – | when prevalence of a disease is increasing beyond what is expected |
| Pandemic – | epidemic across continents |
