| A | B |
|---|
| Phenotypic method of identifying unknown microbes | – observable microscopic and macroscopic characteristics |
| Genotypic method of identifying unknown microbes | genetic make up |
| Immunological method of identifying unknown microbes | – serology; antibody-antigen reactions |
| 3 Methods of identifying unknown microbes | Phenotypic -Genotypic-Immunological |
| If you examine whether or not your organism has a particular DNA sequence in order to identify it, you are using __ techniques. Direct Genotypic Immunological Phenotypic | Direct |
| Direct tests | microscopic, immunologic, or genetic |
| culture and isolation | Cultivation, isolation, and identification (general and specific tests) |
| Phenotypic Methods | Immediate direct examination |
| Phenotypic Methods-examples | Microscopic – differential and special stains – Gram, DFA, direct antigen testing |
| Genotypic Methods | DNA analysis ,Hybridization Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) |
| Gel electrophoresis | separates DNA fragments based on size DNA samples are placed on soft agar gel and subjected to an electric current |
| DNA fragments move through the gel during electrophoresis according to their Size Charge Sequence Orientation | Size |
| Serology | in vitro diagnostic testing of serum |
| Antibodies have extreme _________ for antigens | specificity |
| titer | the amount of antibody in serum (blood) |
| Agglutination testing – | antibody cross links whole-cell antigens, forming complexes that settle out and form visible clumps |
| Agglutination testing examples | Blood typing, some bacterial and viral diseases |
| Precipitation tests | – soluble antigen is made insoluble by an antibody |
| In agglutination reactions, the antigen is a __; in precipitation reactions, it is a ___. Soluble molecule, whole cell Whole Cell, soluble molecule Bacterium, virus Protein, carbohydrate | Whole Cell, soluble molecule |
| Western Blot | used for Detecting Proteins |
| Second test used to verify HIV status | Western Blot |
| Complement Fixation | Lysin mediated hemolysis |
| Radioimmunoassay (RIA) | – antigens or antibodies labeled with radioactive isotopes |
| Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) | enzyme-antibody complex produces a colored product when an enzyme-substrate reaction occurs Indirect Capture |
| The Western blot test can be used to identify Unknown antibodies Unknown antigens Specific DNA Both A. and B. | Both A. and B |
