| A | B |
|---|
| abbreviation | A shortened form of a word or a group of words |
| apostrophe | An internal punctuation mark used to indicate possession or the omission of characters |
| appositive | A noun or phrase that renames and refers to a preceding noun |
| capitalization | Using uppercase letters in writing |
| colon | An internal punctuation mark that directs the reader's attention to the material that follows it |
| comma | An internal punctuation mark used to separate items in a sentence and to provide clarity |
| dash | An internal punctuation mark used to show a sudden change of thought |
| declarative sentence | A sentence that makes a statement |
| direct address | Speaking directly to someone, usually calling the person by name |
| exclamation point | An external punctuation mark that shows strong emotion |
| hyphen | An internal punctuation mark used after some prefixes and in forming some compound words |
| nonrestrictive element | A phrase or clause that gives information that is not essential to the meaning of the sentence |
| number expression | The way numbers are written, as words or numerals |
| parentheses | Internal punctuation marks used in pairs to set off nonessential words, phrases, or clauses |
| period | An external punctuation mark used to signal the end of a sentence or indicate an abbreviation |
| question mark | An external punctuation mark used after a direct question |
| quotation marks | Internal punctuation marks that indicate a direct quotation, a definition, nonstandard English, or a title |
| restrictive element | A phrase or clause that gives information that is essential to the meaning of a sentence |
| semicolon | An internal punctuation mark that is used to denote a pause and that is stronger than a comma |
