| A | B |
|---|
| What are the parts of an atom? and their charges? | Proton (+), Neutron (no charge), electron (negative) |
| Why will noble gasses not react? | 8 electrons in the outer shell |
| What is a compound? | Two or more different atoms combine |
| What are the three types of bonds? | covalent share, ionoc steal, hydrogen share often unequally and is the weakest bond |
| What type of bonds make molecules | covalent |
| What is an ion? and what does that have to do with electrolytes? | Charged particle. Electrolytes are charged particles. |
| Why does the human body need electrolytes? | For chemical reactions. |
| Compare and contrast free radicals to antioxidants. | Free radicals steal electron and trigger a reaction that causes other molecules to become radical. Antioxidants donate electrons and stabilize radical particles. |
| What is the pH scale and how is it measured. | Scale that measures the amount of H+ ions in a solution. A pH of 1 has .1g of H+ in solution. |
| What is an Acid? a base? What do they make when mixed | Acid=donates H+, Base=donates OH-, Together= salt, water, and pH of 7 if the moralities are the same. |
| What is a buffer? wher are they used in the human body? | Buffer helps maintain a constant pH (can donate -OH or absorb H+), Used in the blood, Small intestine to neutralize Chyme, Urinary system to regulate urine. |
| Where does urine come from? Explain each step. | Cellular waste contains toxic ammonia. Turned into urea, sent through the blood to the kidneys, and turned into Urine. |
| Compare and contrast catabolism and anabolism. | Catabolism breaks down molecules, anabolism builds molecules (anabolic steroids) |
| What is an organic compound? | Contains Carbon Hydrogen bonds: Lipids, Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Nucleic Acids |
| Draw a carbohydrate. How are complex carbohydrates made. | Draw a pentagon or a hexagon. Disaccharids and Polysaccharids are made through dehydration synthesis. |
| Why do we crave carbohydrates and fats? | Carbs are fast energy, Lipids are slow energy and our brain needs them. |
| How do we store carbohydrates? How does the liver cause someone to be hypoglycemic? | Carbs are stored as glycogen. The liver and muscles store most of the glycogen. If they don't store it well or don't release glycogen well you are hypoglycemic. |
| What is the difference between HDL and LDL? Which is better for you and Why? | HDL is heavy density lipoproteins that is rapped extensively by the liver. HDL is heart healthy. LDL is light. The liver bairly rapes it and this causes clogged arteries. |
| What is the difference between saturated fats and unstatruated fats? which one is better for you and why? | Saturated: all hydrogen bonds are filled (butter, lard), unstaturated: double carbon bonds (oil) everything in moderation. Neither may be better or worse. |
| What is the phospholipid membranen and what type of organic compound is it? | Phospholipid membrane is the outside of the cell. It is a lipid. |
| Smooth ER makes lipids. What organ is full of this organelle? What are the other jobs of this organ other than to make fat? | Liver is full of smooth ER. It also detoxifies your body, makes bile, and stores sugar as glycogen. |
| Why are diabetics in danger of getting acidosis? | When lipids are metabolized Acetic Acid build up potentially causing acidosis. |
| Label each formula for the type of organic compound it is.. C6H12O6: __________6C50H100O6:__________C2H4O2N______________ C50H100O50NP:_______________ | C6H12O6: ___carbohydrate__6C50H100 O6:___Lipid___C2H4O2N___Amino Acid__ C50H100O50NP:___Nucleic Acid__ |
| name thee examples of protein used in the body | Hair, Muscle, Nail |
| What is an enzyme? | Type of Catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions and reduces activation energy |
| Why is ATP also considered and organic compound? what does it do? | Very similar to the Adenine nucleotide, used as a form of energy |
| Why do you breathe? | To bring oxygen to the mitochondrea to make ATP |
| compare and contrast vitamins and minerals | Vitamins are organic (C-H bonds), Minerals are inorganic (no C-H bonds) usually just elements like Fe, Mg, Ca+ |
| What is a coenzyme? | Vitamins are a coenzyme that help enzymes work like Vitamin C so you don't get scurvy. |
| What are the four nucleotides and how do they bond? | Adenine: Thymine, Cytosine to Guanine in DNA. A:Uracile in RNA |
| Compare and contrast somatic cells and gametes. Include the number of human chromosomes for each. | Somatic cells are body cells with 46 chromosomes (unpaired), Gametes are sex cells like eggs and sperm with 23 unpaired chromosomes. |
| Women are ______ and men are _____ | Women are XX, Men have XY sex chromosomes |
| You are told you are what you eat. Defend this statement. | You build your body with the nutrients, vitamins, and minerals you take in. A deficiency could cause your body not to be built or run as effectively as it could have been. |
| What is the job of the digestive system? | To break down food chemically and mechanically and to absorb that food. |
| What is included in the Alimentary canal in order. | Mouth, oralpharnx, laryngopharnx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, illium), large intestine (cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon,sigmoid colon, rectum, anus) |
| What are the accessory organs of the digestive system? | Liver, pancreas, teeth, tongue, appendix. |
| What is the job of the salivary glands and what do they secrete? | Mucous reduces friction, amylase= digests carbohydrates, = breaks down bacteria |
| What is peristalsis? | Wavelike contraction of the intestine. Contracts in a circular motion followed by a longitudinal motion. Responsible for the movement of food in the alimentary canal. |
| Where is starch digested? How | Mouth with Amylase, Small intestine duodenum with pancreatic enzymes |
| where is protein digested? How | Stomach with pepsin, Small intestine duodenum, with pancreatic enzymes |
| Where are fats digested? How | Small intestine duodenum gall bladder puts in bile, pancreas puts in enzymes |
| What are the main jobs of the stomach | Chemical digestion with HCL and Pepsin and mechanical digestion with stomach |
| What is the job of the circular folds, villi, and microvilli? | Increase surface area for absorption |
| What is the main job of the large intestine? | Absorb water. |
| What are the five main parts of the large intestine. | Cecum, Ascending Colon, Transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal sphincters |
| Where does mechanical digestion take place? How | Mouth: Mastication with teeth and tongue, stomach with churning |
| Where does chemical digestion take place? How | Mouth; Amylase, Stomach; pepsinogen and HCL; Small intestine; bile and pancreatic enzymes |
| What is the digestive job of the liver? Its other job? | Liver digestion; bile for fat, breaks down blood, detoxifies body |
| Where is bile stored? What is it made of? And what is its purpose? | Stored in the gall bladder, made of bilirubin from dead blood cells, digests fats |
| What is unique about the liver? Think transplants? | Regrows/ regenerates. |
| Is urine made in the digestive system? | No. Urine is cellular waste not unused food matter. |
| What is the waste product of the digestive system? | feces |
| What is Jaundice? name the symptoms and treatments. | Turn yellow, caused by hepititis (liver is broken) need medical care and medicine depending on the type you have. |
| What is the Mumps? Name the symptoms, and prevention. | Mumps is a virus causes inflamation of the salivary glands and difficulty swallowing. May also cause sterility in males. |
| What is Hepititis? Name the symptoms, and treatment | caused by hepititis (liver is broken) need medical care and medicine depending on the type you have. |
| What is Acid Reflux? Name the symptoms and treatment | Heartburn. Acid goes up the esophagus and burns it. Reduced stomach acid with medication. Tightening of the cardioesopageal sphincter. |
| What is an Ulcer? | Usually a bacterial infection caused by H. pylori that eats away your stomach lining. Cured with antibiotics. |
| What are Gall stones? | Bile builds up in gall bladder not letting bile leave. High fat diet followed by no fat diet can cause it. |
| What is the pill cam and how is it useful to gastroenterologists? | Pill cam is a camera with 360 deg. views of the alimentary canal. Can show all anatomical problems along the route. |
| What is the job of the uvula? Frenulum? | Uvula: gag reflex and causes soft palat to cover nasopharageal area, Frenulum holds the tongue down. |
| How do you relieve constipation? | Large intestine massage and drink water. Add fiber to your diet. |
| What are the parts of the tooth? How many do children have? Adults? | Enamel, Dentin, Pulp. Deciduous teeth: 20, Adult 32 |
| What are the 4 layers of the alimentary canal? | Mucosa, Submucosa, Musclaris Externa, Serosa |
| How long does food take to pass through each part of the digestive system? Total | Stomach: 4 hr, Small intestine: 4-6 hr, Lg intestine 12-24 hrs: Total from 20- 34 hours on average |
| Why is fecal mater brown? | Bilirubin from broken down red blood cells is put into bile, stains fecal matter brown. |
| What are the four organic compounds? | Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids |
| How does food science effect what we eat? | As we understand chemical reactions better and how your body uses food to build and maintain itself we can make healthier choices. |
