| A | B |
|---|
| T/F.? Catabolic pathways are endergonic, because they release energy.? | False/ They are Exergonic, because they release energy in the breakdown of larger molecules. |
| T/F.? Anabolic pathways require more energy than they release. | True |
| T/F.? Anabolic pathways are endergonic. | True. |
| Define Endergonic. | Requiring more energy for a reaction to happen than the energy that will be released. |
| Give an example of an anabolic pathway. | The synthesis of the lipid bilayer in cell membranes, from a glycerol and fatty acids. |
| Define Catabolism? | Part of a cells metabolism that involves the break down of macromolecules to supply molecular building blocks and energy in the form of ATP. |
| Define Anabolism? | Part of a cells metabolism that involves the use of molecular building blocks and ATP to synthesize macro-molecules. |
| What is the name for molecules that lose an electron? And why is it called this? | Oxidized. Because their electrons are frequently donated to oxygen atoms. |
| Biological oxidations often involve the loss of what type of atoms? What is the name for this type of reaction? | Hydrogen atoms/ Dehydrogenation. |
| What are the 3 types of electron carrier molecules that are derived from "vitamins" that carry electrons from one location in a cell to another? | NAD+, NADP+, and FAD. |
| T/F.? "Isomerases are neither catabolic or anabolic? | True. Because they just rearrange the atoms within the molecule. |
| T/F.? "Oxidoreductases" (redox reactions) are involved in both anabolic and catabolic pathways? | True. |
| T/F.? Competitive inhibitors bind to an enzymes active site, not allowing a "normal" substrate to bind. | True |
| What is the difference between a competitive inhibitor and a Reversible competitive inhibitor? | A competitive inhibitor binds to an enzymes active site permanently and does NOT allow a normal substrate to bind. A reversible competitive inhibitor can be overcome by an increase in the number of substrates. |
| T/F.? Non-competitive inhibitors bind to an enzymes active site.? | False, they bind to an "allosteric" site. |
| Name the 2 types of "Non-competitive" inhibitors and state what they do. | Allosteric inhibitors- bind to an allosteric site on an enzyme that alters the shape of the enzymes active site, not allowing a normal substrate to bind./ Allosteric Activation- An activation molecule binds to an enzymes allosteric site, changing the shape of the active site so that a substrate can bind to it. |
| What is known as the sharing of a "Pair" of electrons by two atoms? | A Covalent Bond. |
| Define a Hydrogen Bond? | The electrical attraction between a partially charged hydrogen atom and a partial negative charge on the same molecule or a different one. |
| Define an Ionic Bond? | A bond formed from the attraction of opposite electrical charges. (Electrons are not Shared!) |
| Define a Polymer. | Repeating chains of covalently linked monomers that are found in macromolecules. |
| Define Dehydration Synthesis.? | A type of synthesis reaction in which two smaller molecules are joined covalently, and H2O is formed. |
| Is hydrolysis a synthesis reaction or a decomposition reaction? Define hydrolysis. | Decomposition reaction./ The chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water. |
| Define a Carbohydrate.? | An organic macromolecule that consists of atoms from Carbon, Oxygen and Hydrogen. |
| Define a Protein.? | A complex macromolecule that consists of Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. |
| Define a Lipid? | An organic macromolecule that is not composed of monomers. They are insoluble in water. (Ex-fats, waxes, steroids.) |
| Name the macromolecules that are polymers. | Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids. |
| Define Nucleic Acids.? | An organic substance present in living cells like DNA and RNA, that has many nucleotides linked in a long chain. |
| What is a flagella? | A long whiplike structure coming from a cell, that enables it to swim. |
| Define Fimbrae.? | Sticky extensions of some bacterial cells that function to adhere cells together or to surfaces. |
| Define Cytoplasm.? | The semi-liquid, gelatnious fluid in a cell. |
| What is known as the sticky external sheath of prokaryotic cells that prevents them from drying out, to prevent from being recognized by the host, and to attach to other surfaces? | Glycocalyx. |
| Define Glycocalyx.? | The sticky external sheath of prokayotic cells, that prevents them drying out and prevents them from being recognized by a host cell. |
| Define Peptidoglycan.? | The main component of bacterial cell walls. Composed of sugars and amino acids. |
| What is known as an membranous organelle that contains the genetic material of a eukaryotic cells? | Nucleus. |
| Define Nucleus. | An organelle that contains a eukaryotic cells DNA. |
| Define a Cell wall.? | A structural boundary composed of polysaccharides or proteins that provides shape and support against osmotic pressure. |
| Define Endoplasmic Reticulum.? | An arrangement of hollow tubules continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope, and functions as a transport system. (Rough E.R- Protein Synthesis/ Smooth E.R.- Lipid Synthesis) |
| Define a Ribosome.? | A non-membranous organelle that is found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It is composed of protein and Ribosomal RNA and functions to make polypeptides. |
| Define a Golgi Body? | A series of flat sacs in eukaryotic cells that receives Proteins from the Rough E.R. to ensure complete folding and adding a functional group. |
| Define Lysosome? | An organelle within animal cells that contains hydrolytic enzymes. |
| Define mitochondria.? | A special organelle that allows for respiration and energy production in the form of ATP. |
| Define Chloroplast? | A light harvesting organelle that is found in plants (photosynthetic eukaryotes) |
| Define an oxidation reaction.? | A reaction in which an atom or ion loses an electron. |
| Define Reduction reaction.? | A reaction where an atom or ion gains an electron. |
| Define Activation energy.? | The amount of energy needed to trigger a chemical reaction. |
| What is known as the functional site of an enzyme? | The active site. |
| Define Active site.? | The functional site of an enzyme that is complementary to the shape of the substrate. |
| What is known as a substance that inhibits the binding of a substrate to an enzymes active site? | A Competitive inhibitor. |
| Define Glycolysis. | The catabolism of glucose through respiration and fermentation. |
| Define TCA cycle? | Also known as the Krebs cycle. It is a series of enzymatically catalyzed reactions that transfer stored energy from Acetyl-coA to coenzymes NAD+ and FAD. |
| Where does the TCA cycle take place? | Eukaryotic cells- In the Matrix of Mitochondria./ Prokaryotic cells- In the cytoplasm. |
| What is the bridge step? | The step in aerobic respiration that converts pyruvate into Acetyl-coA and NADH to be used in the Krebs cycle. |
| Define Chemiosmosis? | The movement of ions down their concentration gradient (high to low) to allow for the production of ATP. |
| Define Electron Transport? | A series of redox reactions that pass electrons from one membrane bound carrier to another and then to a final electron acceptor. |
| What is known as a series of redox reactions that pass electrons from one membrane bound carrier to another and then to a final electron acceptor? | Electron Transport chain. |
| Define Cellular respiration? | A series of metabolic reactions that oxidizes organic substances to produce energy for a cell. |
| What is known as The series of metabolic processes by which living cells produce energy through the oxidation of organic substances.? | Cellular respiration. |
| What is known as an electrochemical gradient of hydrogen ions across a membrane? | Proton gradient. |
| Define Proton gradient? | A electrochemical gradient of hydrogen ions across a membrane. |
| T/F.? The scientific method was developed in part due to the debate over spontaneous generation? | True. |
| What states that cells are the basic unit of structure in all organisms and also the basic unit of reproduction.? | The cell theory. |
| T/F.? All fungi have cells walls. | True |
| T/F.? All algae have cell walls. | False/ Most do. |
| Name some experiments that tested the idea of spontaneous generation.? | 1.) Redi's experiment- flies occurring on meat./ 2.) Needham's experiment- Where he boiled beef gravy and plant material in vials and tightly sealed them, which they then showed growth./ 3.) Spallanzani's experiment- Boiled infusions for an hour, then sealed vials by melting the neck, and no growth occurred, unless neck was broken./ 4.) Louis Pasteur's experiment- Made swan necked flasks to test Needham's experiment. |
| What does Valence mean? | An atoms combining capacity. An atom is considered to be positive if its valence shell has electrons to give up. An atom is said to be negative if its valence shell has spaces to fill. (Ex- Oxygen has a valence of -2, because its valence shell has 6 electrons) |
| What is the major function of Fermentation? | To regenerate NAD+ for Glycolysis. |
| Define an atom.? | The simplest form of matter that cannot be broken down by ordinary means. (Heat, oxidation, reduction, pressure, chemicals..) |
| When are atoms are most stable? (give an example) | Most stable/Non-reactive when outer valence shell is full with 8E- (ex-Noble gases- helium, argon) |
| What type of bond has all of its electrons shared "equally" between the atoms? | Non-polar covalent bonds. |
| What type of bond has "unequal" sharing of its electrons between atoms? | Polar covalent bonds. |
| What is an ion? | A charged element with a different number of electrons. |
| T/F? Acids give H+ to a solution, while Bases absorb H+ in a solution? | True |
| T/F.? Hydrogenation creates trans fatty acids.? | True |
| What enzyme breaks down hydrogen peroxide that is made by peroxisomes? | Catalase. |
| How many ATP are produced via Fermentation? Aerobic Respiration? | 2ATP/Glucose molecule.. 38ATP/Glucose molecule. |
| Name the 4 categories of carrier molecules within the ETC. | Flavoproteins, Ubiquinones, Metal containing proteins, and Cytochromes. |
| Name two reduced coenzymes that enters into the ETC? | NADH and FADH2 |
| Where does the Krebs Cycle take place in eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells? | Eukaryotic cells- Matrix of mitochondira/ Prokaryotic cells- Cytoplasm. |
| T/F? In respiration, electron transport regenerates NAD+ from NADH. | True |
| What type of phosphorylation is used in aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation. | Anaerobic and Aerobic use- substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation./ Fermentation uses- Substrate level phosphorylation. |
| What is the potential amount of ATP produced through Aerobic respiration in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes.? | Eukaryotes- 36 ATP and in Prokaryotes- 38 ATP |
| Where does the ETC take place with Prokaryotes adn Eukaryotes? | Prokayotes- within the cytoplasmic membrane/ Eukaryotes- In the Mitochondira Cristae. |
| What type of phosphorylation is Chemiosmosis? | Oxidative phosphorylation. |
| Compare/Contrast Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. | Prokaryotes- Lack a nucleus, Some contain a cell wall, Lack internal organelles, Small 1.0 um, Simple structure, Are bacteria archea./ Eukaryotes- Have a nucleus, have membrane bound organelles, Large 10-100 um, complex structure, Are from animals, algae, protists, fungi, and plants. |
| What is peptidoglycan composed of? | Sugars, NAD and NAM. |
| Name two Non-membranous organelles within Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.? | Ribosomes and Cytoskeleton. |
| What type of cells have cell walls composed of cellulose, chitin, and/or glucomannan? | Fungi |
| What is the prupose of the Cytoskeleton? What is it made up of? | Produces structure/shape of the cell and It anchors organelles./ Made up of Tubulin microtubules, Actin microfilaments and intermediate filaments. |
| T/F.? The Nuclear envelope has a double membrane composed of two phospholipid bilayers and has nuclear pores.? | True |
| T/F.? Golgi bodies are found in All Eukaryotic cells.? | False. |
| What organelle packages molecules into secretory vesicles that fuse with the cytoplasmic membrane.? | Golgi body. |
| T/F.? Mitochondria have 2 membranes composed of phopholipid bilayer? | True |
| What is the Endosymbiotic Theory? | A Theory that explains how Eukaryotic cells came to be. The theory explains that Prokaryotes (aerobic bacteria-mitochondria) and (Cyanobacterium-chloroplasts) were endophagocytosed (engulfed) by a larger "Host" cell. The large host cell gave the bacteria's a safe place to live and the large cell benefited from their ability to produce energy. |
| Reactions that are catalyzed by transferases are _____________. Name what they do? | Anabolic./ They transfer a functional group from one molecule to another. |
| Reactions involving Isomerases are _______________________. | Neither catabolic or anabolic. |
| Enzymes known as lysases are involved in ______________ reactions. Name what they do? | Catabolic./ They split chemicals into smaller parts without the use of H2O. |
| Oxidoreductases participate in ___________________ reactions./ Name what they do? | Both anabolic and catabolic reactions./ Transfer electrons or hydrogen atoms from one molecule to another. |
| Hydrolases are generally involved in ______________ reactions. | Catabolic |
| Substrate level phosphorylation occurs during the ______________ stage(s) of Glycolysis. | Both energy investment and Energy conservation stages. |
| Which stage of Glycolysis is ATP made? | Energy conserving stage. |
| The production of NADH takes place during the ______________ stage of Glycolysis. | Energy conservation stage. |
| Glucose enters Glycolysis at the ______________ stage. | Energy investment stage. |
| T/F.? As the concentration of a substrate increases, the activity of the enzyme decreases. | True |
| Before the citric acid cycle, pyruvate is _____________. | Oxidized. |
| Define Cell theory? | Cells are the basic unit of structure and reproduction in all organisms. |
| NAD+ is the __________ form. AND NADH is the _________ form. | Oxidized/ Reduced. |
| _______________________ is known as when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP to make ATP. | Substrate-level Phosphorylation. |
| What type of reaction are ligases involved in? Name what they do.? | Anabolic/ They join two or more chemicals together. |
| Define cellular respiration? | A series of metabolic reactions that oxidizes organic substances to produce energy for a cell. |
| Define cellular respiration? | A series of metabolic reactions that oxidizes organic substances to produce energy for a cell. |
| Define The Electron Transport Chain. | A series of redox reactions that pass electrons from one membrane bound carrier to another and then to a final electron acceptor. |
| Define the TCA cycle? | Also known as the Krebs cycle. It is a series of enzymatically catalyzed reactions that transfer stored energy from Acetyl-coA to coenzymes NAD+ and FAD. |
| Define the TCA cycle? | Also known as the Krebs cycle. It is a series of enzymatically catalyzed reactions that transfer stored energy from Acetyl-coA to coenzymes NAD+ and FAD. |
| The use of a proton motive force to generate ATP is known as ________________. | Chemiosmosis. |
| The main coenzymes that carry electrons in catabolic pathways are _________ and ___________. | NAD+ and FAD |
| What type of mechanism is used to generate ATP in the metabolic process of Glycolysis? | Substrate level Phosphorylation. |
| What type of mechanism is used to generate ATP in the metabolic process of The TCA cycle? | Substrate level Phosphorylation. |
| What type of Mechanism is used to generate ATP in the metabolic process of The ETC? | Chemiosmosis- Oxidative Phosphorylation. |
