| A | B |
|---|
| Bartolomeu Dias | Portuguese explorer who rounded the tip of Africa |
| Prince Henry | Portuguese supporter of exploration |
| Vasco da Gama | Explorer who gave Portugal a direct sea route to India |
| Treaty of Tordesillas | Treaty between Spain and Portugal dividing newly discovered lands between them |
| Dutch East India Company | Dutch company that established and directed trade throughout Asia |
| Christopher Columbus | Italian explorer who landed in the Americas |
| colony | Land controlled by another nation |
| Hernando Cortés | Conquistador who defeated the Aztec |
| conquistadors | Spanish explorers in the Americas |
| Francisco Pizarro | Conquistador who defeated the Inca |
| Atahualpa | Last Incan emperor |
| mestizo | Person with mixed Spanish and Native American blood |
| encomienda | System of mining and farming using natives as slave labor |
| New France | Area of the Americas explored and claimed by France |
| Jamestown | First permanent settlement in America |
| Pilgrims | Group of English people who founded a colony in Plymouth |
| Puritans | People who did not agree with the practices of the Church of England |
| New Netherland | Dutch colony begun in modern New York City |
| French and Indian War | War between Britain and France over land in North America |
| Metacom | Native American leader who led an attack on the villages of Massachusetts; also called King Philip |
| Atlantic slave trade | Buying and selling of Africans for work in the Americas |
| triangular trade | European trade between the Americas, Africa, and Europe involving slaves and other goods |
| middle passage | Voyage that brought captured Africans to the West Indies and the Americas |
| Columbian Exchange | Global transfer of foods, plants, and animals during the colonization of the Americas |
| capitalism | Economic system based on private ownership and the investment of wealth for profit |
| joint-stock company | Company in which people pooled their wealth for a common purpose |
| mercantilism | Economic policy of increasing wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and selling more goods than are bought |
| favorable balance of trade | Condition resulting from selling more goods than are bought |
