| A | B |
|---|
| acromegaly | a chronic metabolic condition in adults caused by over-secretion of growth hormones by the pituitary gland |
| adrenal glands | small glands located on top of each kidney. They produce hormones, including sex hormones and cortisol |
| Chvostek's sign | an abnormal spasm of the facial muscles elicited by light taps on the cheek to stimulate the facial nerve in patients who are hypocalcemic. |
| DKA (Diabetic Ketoacidosis) | an acute, life-threatening complication of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. urinary loss of water, potassium, ammonium, and sodium results in hypovolemia, electrolyte imbalance, extremely high blood glucose levels, and breakdown of free fatty acids, causing acidosis, often with coma |
| dysphagia | difficulty swallowing |
| endocrine system | system includes eight ductless glands which make and secrete hormone. hormones are chemical messengers that travel through your bloodstream to tissues or organs |
| endocrinologist | a physician who specializes in the endocrine system and its disorders |
| exocrine | glands that produce and secrete substances onto an epithelial surface by way of a duct. examples of exocrine glands include sweat, salivary, mammary, ceruminous, lacrimal, sebaceous, and mucous |
| exophthalmus | marked bulging or protrusion of the eyeballs. associated with hyperthyroidism |
| glycosuria | abnormal presence of glucose in the urine |
| goiter | an enlarged thyroid gland, usually evident as a pronounced swelling in the neck |
| hirsutism | excessive body hair in a masculine distribution pattern as a result of hormonal dysfunction |
| hyperglycemia | greater than normal amount of glucose in the blood associated with diabetes mellitus |
| hypocalcemia | low level of calcium in the blood that may be caused by hypoparathyroidism or other causes |
| hypoglycemia | low level of glucose in the blood |
| hypokalemia | low level of potassium in the blood |
| idiopathic hyperplasia | an increase in the number of cells of a body part that results for an unknown reason |
| insulin coma or shock | a state of profound unconsciousness caused by excessive insulin and resulting in hypoglycemia |
| ketoacidosis | acidosis accompanied by an accumulation of ketones in the body, resulting from extensive breakdown of fats because of faulty carbohydrate metabolism, low insulin and high glucose |
| ketone bodies | chemical produced when there is a shortage of insulin in the blood and the body breaks down fat for energy. more common Type 1 and can test for in urine when sugar greater than 300 and when ill, can cause fruity breath |
| lipodystrophy | defect in the breaking down or building up of fat below the surface of the skin, resulting in lumps or small dents in the skin surface, may be caused by repeated injections of insulin in the same spot |
| myxedema | the most severe form of hypothyroidism. It is characterized by swelling of the hands, face, feet, and periorbital tissues and may lead to coma and death |
| negative feedback system | one of the ways that glands secrete hormones, a decrease in function in response to a stimulus |
| neuropathy | inflammation or degeneration of the peripheral nerves, may see as complication of diabetes |
| ovaries | paired female gonads found on each side of the lower abdomen, beside the uterus |
| pancreas | elongated grayish pink gland that stretches transversely across the posterior abdominal wall, secretes insulin, and glucagon |
| parathyroid | gland, usually four, attached to the thyroid gland, secretes a hormone that maintians the blood calcium concentration |
| pineal | a cone shaped gland in the brain, secretes melatonin |
| pituitary | master gland suspended beneath the brain, supplying numerous hormones that govern many vital processes. Anterior pituitary secretes: Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Luteinising hormone (LH) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Prolactin (PRL) Growth hormone (GH) Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) Posterior pituitary secretes: Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) Oxytocin |
| polydipsia | excessive thirst. one of the three main signs of diabetes, an excessive concentration of glucose in the blood osmotically pulls intracellular fluid into the bloodstream and increases the excretion of fluid via increased urination, which leads to hypovolemia and thirst |
| polyphagia | excessive hunger or appetite, one of the three main signs of diabetes |
| polyuria | abnormally large quantity of urine, one of the three main signs of diabetes |
| retinopathy | a group of noninflammatory eye disorders. major contributing conditions include diabetes |
| testes | two male gonads that produce sperm and testosterone |
| thymus | lymphoid gland that is located behind the sternum, is only active until puberty. After puberty, the thymus starts to shrink and become replaced by fat. Thymosin is the hormone of the thymus, and it stimulates the development of disease-fighting T cells |
| thyroid | highly vascular organ at the front of the neck. The function of the thyroid gland is to take iodine, found in many foods, and convert it into thyroid hormones: thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These cells combine iodine and the amino acid tyrosine to make T3 and T4. T3 and T4 control metabolism |
| Trousseau's sign | test for latent tetany in which carpal spasm is induced by inflating a sphygmomanometer cuff on the upper arm to a pressure exceeding systolic blood pressure for 3 minutes. a positive test may be seen in hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia |
| turgor | the expected resiliency of the skin caused by the outward pressure of the cells and interstitial fluid |
| Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus | autoimmune disease characterized by inability to metabolize fuels, carbohydrates, protein, and fat because of absolute insulin deficiency. most common in children and is insulin dependent |
| Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus | disease in which the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or the cells are not receptive to insulin secreted, therefore there is an increase in glucose, can be treated by a low carbohydrate diet and exercise, oral hypoglycemics, or insulin |
