| A | B |
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| ______________ is the ability or inability of an organism to live in the presence of oxygen. | Aerotolerance. |
| What is another name for Obligate Aerobes? | Strict Aerobes. |
| What do Obligate(strict) aeorbes require for respiration? | Oxygen |
| T/F.? Facultative Anaerobes grow in the presence or absence of oxygen? | True. |
| How do Facultative anaerobes respire (respiration) in the absence of oxygen? | They respire in the absence of oxygen by respiring anaerobically (by reducing sulfur or nitrate, instead of O2) OR Ferment an available substrate. |
| T/F? When there is an oxygen gradient present, facultative anaerobes grow throughout the medium, but appear denser near the top. | True |
| Aerotolerance means? | The ability or inability to live in the presence of oxygen. |
| What are Aerotolerant Anaerobes? | Organisms that DONT require Oxygen and are not adversely affected by it, they live uniformly throughout the medium. |
| T/F? Aerotolerant Anaerobes are fermentative even in the presence of oxygen.? | True |
| Where do Microaerophiles survive? (what is an example of a microaerophile)? | In conditions where oxygen levels are lower than atmospheric level. (Ex- A "Capnophile" can only survive if CO2 levels are elevated.) |
| _______________ are organisms for which even small amounts of O2 are lethal, and therefore will only be seen in the lower regions of a medium. | Obligate (Strict) Anaerobes. |
| A strip indicator in the Anaerobic Jar experiment was methylene blue, it changes blue when it is oxidized.. Which mean that O2 is present or NOT? | O2 present. (Oxidized= presence of O2.) |
| Methylene blue has no color when 02 is NOT present, meaning that it has been _____________. | Reduced. |
| What is known as collective temperatures ranging from minimum, maximum, and optimum? | Cardinal Temperatures. |
| Organisms that Only grow below 20 C are called _________________. (Where are they commonly found on earth?) | Psychrophiles. (Oceans, Arctic and Antarctic.) |
| Organisms that are adapted to live in cold environments that range between 0-30 C are known as ________________. | Psychrotrophs |
| Bacteria that are adapted to live in temperatures that range from 15-45 C are called _______________. | Mesophiles. |
| T/F? Most bacterial residents in the human body are mesophiles? | True |
| _____________ are organisms that are adapted to live in environments with temperatures above 40 C. (Where can they be found?) | Thermophiles (Hot springs) |
| _________________ are organisms that will NOT grow in temperatures that are Below 40 degrees C./ And those that WILL grow below 40 degrees C are known as ______________. | Obligate Thermophiles./ Facultative Thermophiles. |
| Organisms that live in temperatures between 65-110 C are __________________. | Extreme Thermophiles. |
| Importance of Aseptic technique? | You want you pure culture to stay pure, your new culture to be pure and your surroundings to remain uninoculated. |
| Name some outcomes of failed aseptic technique.? | Pure culture is no longer pure, new culture is no longer pure, surrounding environment gets contaminated, new culture does not grow because you burned the bacteria with loop. |
| Describe a streak for isolated colonies on an agar plate. | First label your plate on its base.. Aseptically obtain the culture from a test tube.. Leave the sterile agar plate on the table and slightly lift the lid, keeping airborne contamination out.. Touch the agar in an uninoculated region to cool the tip.. Lightly streak a quadrant of the agar with the loops tip (not the entire face)(Don't cut into the agar).. remove the loop and replace the lid.. Flame your inoculating loop.. Rotate the agar plate less than 90 deg. and repeat the streak by intersecting the first streak two or three times.. Close the lid and flame the loop.. Rotate plate.. Streak plate again by intersecting 2nd streak 2-3 times.. Close lid and flame loop.. Rotate plate and streak again intersecting 3rd streak and making sure to not interest any other streaks.. close lid ad flame loop. |
| If no isolated colonies were formed on a streak plate, what went wrong? | Possibly did not allow loop to cool off, killing bacteria/ Did not streak in quadrants/ Did not intersect other streaks/ Ran the last (4th) streak through the other 3./ Held open lid to much and allowed for contamination. |
| Name the categories of colony morphology, and their features.? (What other characteristics should be recorded?) | Elevation- convex, plateau, flat, raised, raised w/ spreading edge, growth into medium./ Margin- Smooth, rhizoid, Irregular, Lobate, Filamentous/ Whole Colony- round, Irregular, Filamentous, and Rhizoid. (Color, surface characteristics- shiny or dull, and consistency-dry, moist) |
| Name some proper terms for describing growth on Agar slants. | Filiform- dense, opaque and smooth/ Friable- crusty/ translucent or transparent. |
| Name some proper terms for describing growth in broth. | Pellicle- surface membrane/ Sediment/ Uniform fine turbidity/ flocculent growth- floating chunks. |
| What medium is used to test aerotolerance? Why? | Thioglycollate./ Because it promotes the growth of a wide variety of fastidious microorganisms. |
| Describe the steps for a simple stain.? | Draw a circle on a clean slide. Aseptically add a drop of deionized water with inoculating loop in the circle. Aseptically add bacteria from agar or broth to the drop of water. Smear around in the circle and allow to air dry. Heat fix slide through flame 3x. Add crystal violet to the slide and allow to sit for 1 minute. Then rinse the slide with Deionized water. Pat dry and view under microscope. |
| What are some optical characteristics of an agar slant growth? | Opaque- no light passes through/ Translucent- Some light passes through/ Transparent- totally see-through. |
| Define a colony? | Where 1 bacterium landed and grew. |
| A _______ culture has only one species. | Pure |
| Difference between cellular morphology and colony morphology.? | Cellular morph- Is the shape of the cells, like- coccus, rods, or spirals. And can only be seen under a microscope/ Colony morph- Is the shape of a larger grouping of these cells and can be observed with the naked eye. (Margin, Elevation, color, whole colony) |
| ________ is defined as a visible cluster of microorganisms growing on the surface of or within a solid medium, presumably cultured from a single cell. | Colony. |
| Cellular morphology of Rods are usually arranged in __________. | randoms |
| Cellular morphology refers to the shape of a ________ cell. | Single |
| Cellular morphology of Coccus are usually arranged in __________. | Clusters. |
| T/F.? A Gram stain is a differential stain? | True |
| Describe the steps used to perform a Gram stain.. | 1.) Get clean slide and draw 3 circles and label each circle with bacteria control number and unknown. 2.) Aseptically add a drop of deionized water to each circle and then aseptically add each bacteria aseptically to their own circles. 3.) Smear around entire circle and allow to completely dry (light haze). 4.) Grab slide holder and Heat fix the slide by passing it through the flame 3x. 4.) Cover slide with crystal violet and let sit for 1 minute. 5.) Rinse with H20 6.) Cover slide with Iodine and let sit for 1 Minute. 7.) Rinse with H20. 8.) Decolorize the slide by flooding slide with alcohol for 30 seconds and keeping the slide flat. 9.) Rinse with H20. 10.) Add Safranin to slide and let sit for 1 Minute. 11.) Rinse slide with H20 and gently blot and observe under microscope. |
| Gram (+) retains the__________ stain. | Crystal violet |
| Gram (-) retains the ________ stain. | Safranin. |
| What is the purpose of the Iodine in the Gram stain procedure? | It acts as a mordant that forms crystal violet iodine complex and helps retain the stain in gram (+)'s. |
| In a Gram stain, if the cell is ________, then it is a Gram (+) cell. | Purple |
| In a Gram stain, if the cell is _________, then the cell is Gram (-). | Pink/red |
| In terms of cellular structure, if a cell is Pink then the cell has a _______ wall. If the cell is purple then the cell has a ________ wall. | Thin/Thick |
| T/F.? Gram (-) cells have a higher lipid content and so when alcohol is added, the alcohol extracts the lipid making the cell wall more porous and thus the stain is washed out.? | True |
| Describe the steps for A Capsule Stain.? | 1.) Grab a clean slide. 2.) Put a drop of congo red stain at one end of the slide. 3.) Aseptically add bacteria that is being tested to the congo red stain and emulsify. 4.) Take a second clean slide and place it on the surface of the 1st slide and draw it back into the congo red. 5.) When the stain flows across the width of the slide, push the slide back to the other end while keeping in touch with the slides. 6.) Remove the slide and put in slide wash. 7.) Allow to air dry. and DO NOT Heat fix. 8.) Flood slide with Maneval Stain for 1 minute and then rinse with H20./ Gently blot slide and observe. |
| What does the Capsule stain tell you about the bacteria being stained? | Whether it has a capsule or not, means that the cell is capable of forming an extracellular capsule that makes them less susceptible to Phagocytosis. |
| T/F.? A capsule stain is a Differential stain? | True |
| Describe the steps used to perform an Endospore Stain.? | Take a clean slide and draw 2 circles on it. One (+) and one (-) Bacteria and label which is which./ Aseptically add a drop of H20 to each circle and then aseptically add the bacterium to their respective circles./ Allow to air dry and then heat fix the slide by passing it through the flame 3x./ Add Malachite green stain to slide for 20 minutes./ Then Rinse with H20/ Then Counter Stain with Safranin for 1 minute/ rinse with H20 and gently blot/observe. |
| Which two types of bacteria make endospores? | Clostridium and Bacillus |
| Why are endospores resistant to heat and chemicals? | Because of their tough outer covering made up of the protein "keratin". |
| A ________ is a dormant form of the bacterium that allows it to survive poor environmental conditions. | Endospore |
| What do endospores do? | They increase the life of certain bacterium in stressful environmental situations. |
| Which is more likely to survive in a dry environment? A Cocci or Rod with equal volume? | Cocci, they have a lower SA-V ratio and dehydrate more slowly. |
| Failure to add Iodine in a gram stain will affect? | Gram(+), they will appear Gram(-) pink because the iodine complex will not be formed |
| Failure to add Decolorizer (alcohol) in Gram Stain? | The cells will all appear Gram (+) Purple. |
| Failure to add Safranin in Gram stain? | Gram (+) will be purple, but Gram (-) will be colorless. |
