| A | B |
|---|
| archaeologist | scientist who studies the human past by examining the things people left behind |
| artifact | tools and other objects that humans made |
| migrate | to move from one location to another |
| culture | way of life shared by people with similar arts, beliefs, and customs |
| domestication | practice of breeding plants or taming animals to meet human needs |
| civilization | has 5 features: 1.cities are centers of trade 2.specialized jobs for different people 3.organized forms of government and religion 4.a system of record keeping 5.advanced tools |
| irrigation | practice of watering crops |
| Mound builders | early Native Americans who built large earthen structures |
| wooly mammoth | a hairy ancestor of the elephant, now extinct |
| technology | use of tools and knowledge to meet human needs |
| tundra | treeless plain that remains frozen under its top layer of soil |
| kayak | small boats made of animal skins |
| matrilineal | societies where the ancestry is traced through the mother, women have the stronger influence and power within the society |
| slash- and - burn agriculture | farmers chop down and then burn trees to enrich the soil |
| Deganawida | peace seeking Huron Indian tried bring peace |
| Iroquois League | alliance of many Native American tribes that brought peace and had a council of leaders to govern them |
| Inuit | another name for Eskimo |
| Tenochtitlan | Aztec's capital in Lake Texcoco |
| kachina | spirits of the ancestors believed to have power to bring a plentiful harvest |
| lacrosse | game that originated from the Native Americans from the Southwest and Eastern Woodlands |
| longhouses | Iroquois bark-covered shelters that were as long as 300 feet |
| wigwams | Algonquin domelike housing covered with deerskin and pieces of bark |
| seige | surrounding a castle or city with an army until it surrenders |
| Muslims | followers of Islam |
| Islam | god is Allah, founded by the prophet Muhammad |
| Mali | African kingdom that controlled the salt and gold trade in the 1200's |
| Mansa Musa | great Muslim leader of Mali who made his pilgrimage to Mecca in the 1300's |
| Songhai | a West African empire that succeeded Mali and controlled trade from the 1400's to 1591 |
| pilgrimage | a trip to a holy place |
| devout | very religious |
| Hausa | a West African people who lived in what is now northern Nigeria after AD1000 |
| Yoruba | a West African people who formed several states southwest of the Niger River, made statues that are still considered great art |
| Benin | African kingdom prospered because it was on the main trade route, traded with Europeans who were looking for people to work on plantations |
| plantation | large farm growing products for sale |
| European Middle Ages | a period during which Europeans turned to feudalism and the manor system |
| feudalism | political system in which a king allows nobles the use of his land in exchange for their military service and their protection of people living on the land |
| manor system | a system in which lords divided their lands into estates, which were farmed mostly by serfs who received protection from the lord in return |
| Crusades | series of wars to capture the Holy Land launched by European Christians |
| Renaissance | period of European history that brought increased interest in art and learning |
| printing press | machine invented by Johannes Gutenburg |
| Reformation | religious movement to correct problems in the Roman Catholic Church |
| profit | money a business makes, after subtracting the costs of doing business from the income |
| philosophy | study of the meaning of life |
| craftspeople | those who work in skilled trades |
| serfs | landless peasants |
| Marco Polo | Italian merchant who spent many years traveling throughout Asia and increased European interest in Asia |
| Martin Luther | a German monk who criticized the Roman Catholic Church and helped promote the Reformation movement |
| navigator | person on a ship who charts the course the ship will take using instruments to find its location |
| caravel | ship with triangular sails that enabled a ship to travel faster into the wind |
| Christopher Columbus | Italian sailor who thought he could reach Asia by traveling west across the Atlantic |
| monarch | a king or queen |
| Henry the Navigator | Portuguese Prince who is known for starting a school for navigation and sponsored many sailing expeditions |
| Bartolomeu Dias | Portuguese explorer who reached the southern tip of Africa |
| Vasco de Gama | Portuguese explorer who found an all-water route to Asia |
| Taino | Native Americans who greeted Christopher Columbus (he thought they were Indians from India) |
| King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella | people who wanted to profit from Asian trade and spread Christianity by sponsoring Christopher Columbus |
