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| short term memory | (or "primary" or "active memory") is the capacity for holding a small amount of information in mind in an active, readily available state for a short period of time. The duration (when rehearsal or active maintenance is prevented) is believed to be in the order of seconds 18-30. |
| long term memory | the final stage of the dual memory model proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin, in which data can be stored for long periods of time. Information can remain in memory indefinitely. |
| semantic memory | a portion of long-term memory that processes ideas and concepts that are not drawn from personal experience. Includes things that are common knowledge, such as the names of colors, the sounds of letters, the capitals of countries and other basic facts acquired over a lifetime. |
| episodic memory | the memory of autobiographical events (times, places, associated emotions, and other contextual who, what, when, where, why knowledge) that can be explicitly stated. It is the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place. |
| implicit memory | a type of memory in which previous experiences aid the performance of a task without conscious awareness of these previous experiences. |
| explicit memory | the conscious, intentional recollection of previous experiences and information. People use ________ _________ throughout the day, such as remembering the time of an appointment or recollecting an event from years ago. |
| chunking | a phenomenon whereby individuals group responses when performing a memory task. Tests where individuals can demonstrate "_________" commonly include serial and free recall tasks. Both tasks require the individual to reproduce items that he or she had previously been instructed to study. |
| decay theory | proposes that memory fades due to the mere passage of time. Information is therefore less available for later retrieval as time passes and memory, as well as memory strength, wears away. When we learn something new, a neurochemical “memory trace” is created. |
| interference theory | occurs in learning when there is an interaction between the new material and transfer effects of past learned behavior, memories or thoughts that have a negative influence in comprehending the new material. |
| rehearsal | refers to the "cognitive process in which information is repeated over and over as a possible way of learning and remembering it". A person can do this by saying aloud or thinking of material repeatably until it becomes a part of the working memory. |
| attention | refers to how we actively process specific information present in our environment. |
| sensory registers | your ultra-short-term memory that takes in sensory information through your five senses (sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch) and holds it for no more than a few seconds. |
| schema(s) | a mental concept that informs a person about what to expect from a variety of experiences and situations. ________ are developed based on information provided by life experiences and are then stored in memory. |
| mnemonics | memory aids. Anything you do (any technique you use) to help you remember something can be considered ___________. For example, if you use the phrase "Emma has a dilemma" in order to remember how to correctly spell "dilemma" you are using a mnemonic. |
| dual memory model | A dated model asserts that human memory has three separate components: a sensory register, where sensory information enters memory, a short-term store, also called working memory or short-term memory, which receives and holds input from both the sensory register and the long-term store, and a long-term store, where information which has been rehearsed in the short-term store is held indefinitely. |
| central executive | enables the working memory system to selectively attend to some stimuli and ignore others. |
| phonological loop | the part of working memory that deals with spoken and written material |
| visuo-spatial sketch pad | the section of one's normal mental facility which provides a virtual environment for physical simulation, calculation, visualization and optical memory recall. It temporarily stores information on how things look and allows us to manipulate images in our mind, such as when we mentally rotate a shape to see how it might appear from a different angle or when we give directions to a friend to help them navigate through a city. |
| working memory | like your brain's task list or sticky notes. As information is coming into your brain, you are both processing it and, simultaneously, storing it. It's necessary to learn, reason, and remember. Baddley states the four main components are: the central executive, the phonological loop, the visuo-spatial sketch pad and the episodic buffer |
| episodic buffer | is theorized to integrate the other functions, known as the phonological loop (information heard) and visio-spatial sketchpad (information seen) with a sense of time, so that things occur in a continuing sequence, like a story from a book or movie. |
