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| Define Antisepsis. Give an example. | Reduction in the number of microorganisms and viruses, on living tissue by use Antiseptics like Iodine or alcohol. |
| Define Aseptic. And give an example. | An environment or procedure free of pathogenic contaminants./ Ex- Preparation of surgical field; hand washing, flame sterilization of laboratory equipment. |
| Define the suffixes -cide and -cidal./ Give examples. | Suffixes indicating destruction of a type of microbe. / Bactericide, Fungicide, Germicide, Virucide. |
| Define the Suffixes - stasis and -static./ Give examples. | Suffixes indicating inhibition but not complete destruction of a type of microbe./ Bacterostatic, Fungistatic, virustatic. |
| Define Degerming./ give examples. | Removal of microbes by mechanical means./ hand washing, alcohol swabbing. |
| Define Disinfection./ give examples. | Destruction of most microorganisms and viruses on "non-living" tissue./ Phenolics, alcohols, aldehydes, soaps. |
| Define Pasteurization./ Give examples. | Use of heat to destroy pathogens and reduce the number of spoilage microbes in foods and beverages./ Pasteurized milk and fruit juices. |
| Define Sanitation./ Give examples. | Removal of pathogens from objects to meet public health standards./ Washing tableware in scalding water in restaurants. |
| Define Sterilization./ Give examples. | Destruction of all microbes and viruses in or on an object./ Preparation of microbial culture media and canned food. |
| _______ is known as, the Reduction in the number of microorganisms and viruses, on living tissue by use Antiseptics like Iodine or alcohol. | Antisepsis. |
| _________ is known as, An environment or procedure free of pathogenic contaminants. | Aspetic. |
| _________ is known as, The Removal of microbes by mechanical means. | Degerming. |
| _________ is known as, The Destruction of most microorganisms and viruses on "non-living" tissue | Disinfection. |
| __________ is known as, The Use of heat to destroy pathogens and reduce the number of spoilage microbes in foods and beverages. | Pasteurization. |
| _________ is known as, The Removal of pathogens from objects to meet public health standards. | Sanitation. |
| _________ is known as, The Destruction of all microbes and viruses in or on an object. | Sterilization. |
| Name the 6 types of Culture Media. | Defined/ Complex/ Selective/ Differential/ Reducing/ and Transport. |
| T/F.? Complex Media is a defined media? (Give an example of a Complex media) | False./ It is a Undefined media. (MacConkey Agar) |
| ________ media, contains substances that either favor the growth of certain microbes or inhibit the growth of unwanted ones. | Selective media. |
| The time required for a bacterial cell to grow and divide is known as, ____________. | Generation time. |
| What does a Genome consist of? | An organisms genes and nucleotide sequences. |
| What structures within prokaryotic genomes holds its DNA? And where can the chromosome be found in the cell? | Chromosomes and Plasmids./ In the cytoplasm in the Nucleiod. |
| What are small molecules of DNA that replicate independently? | Plasmids. |
| What is the difference between Prokaryotic genome DNA and Eukaryotic genome DNA? | Prokaryotic- Circular and has one chromosome/ Eukaryotic- Linear and has two chromosomes. |
| Where in a eukaryotic cell is its DNA circular? | Mitochondria, Chloroplasts and Plasmids. |
| Name some differences that occur in Bacterial DNA replication. | It is Bidirectional from its origin, Uses two enzymes (Topoisomerase and gyrase), Uses 2 replication forks, uses 2 leading strands, and 2 lagging strands. AND It is Methylated- adds a methyl group (typically to Adenine). |
| Name some advantages of Bacterial DNA replication with Methylation? | Control of genetic expression, Initiation of genetic expression, Protection against viral infection, and Repair of DNA. |
| What is a Genotype? | The set of genes in the genome. |
| ________ is the set of genes in the genome. | Genotype |
| Name 3 characteristics that constitute Phenotype. | Structure, Morphology, and Metabolism. |
| __________ refers to the physical features and functional traits of an organism. | Phenotype. |
| Name the 4 types of RNA transcribed from DNA. | RNA primers, mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA. |
| Where does Transcription occur within Eukaryotes? Prokaryotes (bacteria)? | Eukaryotes- Nucleolus/ Prokaryotes- Cytosol. |
| Name some "Transcriptional" differences that occurs within Eukaryotes and Not in Prokaryotes.? | In Eukaryotes Transcription occurs in the Nucleus, Mitochondira, and Chloroplasts., It has 3 types of RNA Polymerases, Has numerous transcription factors, and mRNA is processed before translation. |
| ___________ is known as, the process whereby ribosomes use the genetic information of nucleotide sequences to synthesize polypeptides. | Translation. |
| _________ is known as the presence of visible changes in the medium or differences in the appearance of colonies. | Differential media. |
| Define Differential Media. | The presence of visible changes in the medium or differences in the appearance of colonies. |
| What is a pure culture? | A culture composed of cells that arose from a single progenitor. |
| How are pure cultures obtained and maintained? | Obtained by sterilization and aseptic technique./ Maintained by aseptic technique and proper procedure. |
| _______ is known as the sum of all genetic material in a cell or virus. | Genome. |
| Name how Prokaryotic cells and Eukaryotic cells organize their genomes. | Prokaryotes- 1 Chromosome (haploid), Has some plasmids, Circular or Linear DNA, DNA is located in the nucleoid of cytoplasm and in plasmids, No histones present./ Eukaryotes- 2 or more chromosomes (diploid), plasmids present in some fungi & algae & protozoa, Linear DNA in the nucleus and circular in mitochondria, chloroplasts and plasmids, Has histones. |
| Describe the Key events in DNA replication. | DNA replication begins when Helicase unwinds the DNA by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the complimentary strands of DNA. DNA polymerase adds new nucleotides to the 3' leading strand continuously towards the replication fork./ On the lagging strand DNA polymerase can only add a new nucleotide to a free 3' OH. So, RNA primase attaches to the DNA strand and synthesizes RNA primer, then DNA polymerase III adds Nucleotides to the 3" end of the RNA primer, THEN DNA polymerase I replaces DNA polymerase III and RNA primer and replaces it with DNA, FINALLY DNA Ligase forms a Phosphodiesterase bond between the 3' and 5' strands. |
| ___________ is known as, information in DNA is copied as RNA nucleotide sequences. | Transcription. |
| ___________ is known as, information in DNA is copied as RNA nucleotide sequences. | Translation. |
| How does RNA polymerase "know" where to begin Transcription? | By recognizing a "promoter" sequence. |
| Describe the Process of Transcription in Prokaryotes. | RNA polymerase attaches nonspecifically to DNA and travels down its length until it recognizes a "Promoter" sequence, from there RNA polymerase unwinds the DNA. Then Triphosphate ribonucleotides align with their DNA compliments and RNA polymerase links them together, synthesizing RNA. Self Termination- GC-rich terminator region produces a hairpin loop, which creates tension and loosens the grip of the RNA polymerase on the DNA. OR Rho-dependent termination- Rho pushes between RNA polymerase and DNA causing the release of the Polymerase, RNA transcript and Rho itself. |
| ___________- is a DNA sequence that initiates Transcription. | Promoter. |
| Describe the Process of Transcription in Prokaryotes | RNA polymerase attaches nonspecifically to DNA and travels down its length until it recognizes a "Promoter" sequence, from there RNA polymerase unwinds the DNA. Then Triphosphate ribonucleotides align with their DNA compliments and RNA polymerase links them together, synthesizing RNA. Self Termination- GC-rich terminator region produces a hairpin loop, which creates tension and loosens the grip of the RNA polymerase on the DNA. OR Rho-dependent termination- Rho pushes between RNA polymerase and DNA causing the release of the Polymerase, RNA transcript and Rho itself. |
| Describe the Process of Transcription in Prokaryotes. | RNA polymerase attaches nonspecifically to DNA and travels down its length until it recognizes a "Promoter" sequence, from there RNA polymerase unwinds the DNA. Then Triphosphate ribonucleotides align with their DNA compliments and RNA polymerase links them together, synthesizing RNA. Self Termination- GC-rich terminator region produces a hairpin loop, which creates tension and loosens the grip of the RNA polymerase on the DNA. OR Rho-dependent termination- Rho pushes between RNA polymerase and DNA causing the release of the Polymerase, RNA transcript and Rho itself. |
| What is a promoter? | A DNA sequence that initiates Transcription. |
| Name some differences between RNA polymerase and DNA polymerase. | RNA polymerase- Unwinds DNA itself (no helicase), RNA polymerase transcribes only one DNA strand, RNA polymerase is slower, and it uses Uracil instead of Thymine. |
| What does a sigma factor in Bacteria do? | Enhances the recognition of Promoter sequences. |
| Name the roles for the 5 different types of RNA... | RNA Primer- provides the 3' hydroxyl group that is required by DNA polymerase./ mRNA- Carry genetic information from chromosomes to ribosomes./ rRNA- combine with ribosomal polypeptides to form Ribosomes./ tRNA- deliver the correct amino acids to ribosomes, based on the sequence of nucleotides in mRNA./ Regulatory RNA- interacts with DNA to control Gene expression. |
| ________ are the organelles that synthesize polypeptides. | Ribosomes. |
| What does regulatory RNA do? | Interacts with DNA to control Gene expression. |
| Name the roles for the 5 different types of RNA... | RNA Primer- provides the 3' hydroxyl group that is required by DNA polymerase./ mRNA- Carry genetic information from chromosomes to ribosomes./ rRNA- combine with ribosomal polypeptides to form Ribosomes./ tRNA- deliver the correct amino acids to ribosomes, based on the sequence of nucleotides in mRNA./ Regulatory RNA- interacts with DNA to control Gene expression. |
| What does rRNA do? | Combines with ribosomal polypeptides to form ribosomes. |
| What does regulatory RNA do? | Interacts with DNA to control gene expression. |
| _______ are noncoding sequences that may be thousands of nucleotides long. | Introns. |
| Name the 3 events that are involved in RNA processing.. | Capping, Polyadenylation, Splicing. |
| What are Introns? | Noncoding sequences that may be thousands of nucleotides long. |
| _________ are functional mRNA coding regions. | Exons |
| What are Exons? | Functional mRNA coding regions. |
| What are codons? | Triplets of mRNA nucleotides that code for specific amino acids. |
| ________ is known as, triplets of mRNA nucleotides that code for specific amino acids. | Codons. |
| What are Okazaki fragments? | Okazaki fragments are short, newly synthesized DNA fragments that are formed on the lagging template strand during DNA replication. |
| ____________ are known as, Short, newly synthesized DNA fragments that are formed on the lagging template strand during DNA replication. | Okazaki fragments. |
| _____________ is known as, a method of horizontal gene transfer, in which a recipient cell takes up DNA from the environment. | Transformation. |
| ________ is known as the duplication of a cells genome. | Replication. |
| Define Replication. | The duplication of a cells genome. |
| Where is the start of Translation?/ Transcription? | AUG start codon./ Promoter sequence. |
| Name some translational differences that occurs in eukaryotes and not in prokaryotes. | Initiation occurs when a ribosomal subunit binds to 5′guanine cap/ the First amino acid is methionine rather than f-methionine. |
| What are the 3 types of Horizontal gene transfer? | Transformation, Transduction, and Bacterial conjugation. |
| What is transformation? | When a recipient cell takes up DNA from the environment. |
| Cells that are able to take up DNA from their environment are said to be _____________. | Competent. |
| What does competence result from? | Alterations in the cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane that allows DNA to enter the cell. |
| A virus that infects bacteria is called a ____________. | bacteriophage |
| What is a bacteriophage? | A virus that infects bacteria. |
| ________ involves the transfer of DNA from one cell to another via a replicating virus. | Transduction. |
| Define Transduction. | The transfer of DNA from one cell to another via a replicating virus. |
| What is conjugation? | A bacterium containing a bacterium fertility plasmid forms a conjugation pilus that attaches to and transfers plamsid genes to a recipient. |
| _________ is known as, When a bacterium containing a bacterium fertility plasmid forms a conjugation pilus that attaches to and transfers plamsid genes to a recipient. | Conjugation. |
| A ________ is the sum of all the genes and linking nucleotide sequences in a cell. | Genome |
| What is a genome? | The sum of all the genes and linking nucleotide sequences in a cell. |
| What do plasmids do? | They regulate nonessential life functions, such as bacterial conjugation and resistance to antibiotics. |
| __________ regulate nonessential life functions, such as bacterial conjugation and resistance to antibiotics. | Plasmids. |
| Why are non-enveloped viruses more resistant than enveloped viruses? | Because their protein coat is stronger than the phospholipid coat of enveloped viruses. |
| _______ is an infectious acellular agent with nucleic acids surrounded by a capsid. | Virus |
| What is a virus? | An infectious acellular agent with nucleic acids surrounded by a capsid. |
| What is more resistant, Gram (+) bacteria or Gram (-) bacteria? | Gram (-) bacteria. |
| _____ are infectious proteins that cause degenerative diseases of the brain and are more resistant than any living thing. | Prions. |
| What are Prions? | Infectious proteins that cause degenerative diseases of the brain and are more resistant than any living thing. |
| _________ is the lowest temperature that kills all cells in broth in 10 minutes. | Thermal death point |
| _________ is the time to sterilize a volume of liquid at a set temperature. | Thermal death time |
| Why is moist heat a better sterilizer than Dry heat? | Because water is a better conductor of heat than air is. |
| What are some methods of moist heat? | Boiling, autoclaving, pasteurization, and Ultrahigh-temperature sterilization. |
| T/F.? Water boils at higher temperatures at higher elevations? | False/ H20 boils at lower temperatures at higher elevations. |
| T/F.? In autoclaving the boiling temperature increases as pressure increases. | True |
| T/F.? Pasteurization causes sterilization. | False, Heat tolerant and heat loving microbes survive. (these microbes are not pathogenic, because they love high heat.) |
| Name some actions of Antimicrobial agents. | They disrupt the cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, and the envelope- stopping viral replication./ They also create fatal mutations and disrupt protein synthesis by acting on RNA. |
| What does phenol and phenolics do? | They denature proteins and disrupt cell membranes. |
| What do alcohols do? | They denature proteins and disrupt cytoplasmic membranes. |
| Name the 4 types of Halogens. | Iodine, Chlorine, Bromine, and Fluorine. |
| _________ are ver reactive, nonmetallic chemical elements. | Halogens |
| What do Halogens do? | They unfold proteins and enzymes. |
| _________ kill microbes by oxidizing their enzymes, thereby preventing metabolism. | Oxidizing agents. |
| _________ are high level disinfectants and antiseptics that work by releasing oxygen radicals, which inhibits anaerobic microbes. | Oxidizing agents. |
| Name 3 Oxidizing agents. | Hydrogen peroxide, Ozone, and Peracetic acid |
| In what method is there Pressure applied to boiling water to prevent steam from escaping? | Autoclave. |
| What prevents the formation of damaging ice crystals? | Lyophilization. |
| What type of radiation has wavelengths shorter than 1nm? | Ionizing radiation. |
| What type of radiation has wavelengths longer than 1nm? | Non-ionizing radiation. |
| The efficacy of radiation varies based on....? | Temperature, length of exposure, and the amount of organic matter. |
| Name 2 common surfactants. | Soaps and detergents. |
| ________ are positively charged organic surfactants. | Detergents. |
| The most popular type of detergent are ________. | Quats. |
| Thimerosal contains ___________, and is used to preserve vaccines. | Mercury. |
| ________ interferes with chlorophyll. | Copper. |
| Human tears contain ________, which is also used to reduce the # of bacteria in cheese. | Lysozyme. |
| When scientists chemically modify an antibiotic, the agent is called a ____________. | Semisynthetic. |
| A type of bisphenolic, that is composed two covalently linked phenolics, is _________ and can be found in diapers and cutting boards. | Triclosan. |
| An _________ is a chemical used to inhibit or kill microbes on skin or tissue. | Antiseptic. |
| What is an Antiseptic? | A chemical used to inhibit or kill microbes on skin or tissue. |
| A ________ is a physical or chemical agent used to inhibit or destroy microbes on inanimate objects. | Disinfectant. |
| What is a Disinfectant? | A physical or chemical agent used to inhibit or destroy microbes on inanimate objects. |
| What is a germicide? | A chemical agent that is used for the destruction of a type of microbe. |
| Define Selective toxicity. | Where an antimicrobial agent must be more toxic to the pathogen than to the host. |
| ________ is where an antimicrobial agent must be more toxic to the pathogen than to the host. | Selective toxicity. |
| Name the drug(s) that affect pathogens cell walls and how the do so. | Penicillin- Blocks cross linking bridge between NAM's/ Bacitracin- Prevent export of NAG and NAM/ Ethambutol- Disrupts mycolic acid. |
| Name the antimicrobial drug(s) that affect the cell walls of pathogens.? | Penicillin, Bacitracin, and enthambutol. |
| Name the antimicrobial drug(s) that inhibit protein synthesis in pathogens.? | Streptomycin/ Tetracycline/ Chloramphenicol/ Erythromycin. |
| Name the drug(s) that affect pathogens ability for protein synthesis and how they do so.? | Streptomycin- Changes the shape of the 30S ribosome/ Tetracycline- Blocks tRNA docking/ Chloramphenicol- Binds to 50S subunit to prevent peptide bonding./ Erythromycin- Blocks ribosome movement by binding to 50S subunit. |
| What antimicrobial drug(s) blocks the movement of ribosomes from one codon to the next by binding to the 50S subunit? | Erythromycin |
| What antimicrobial drug(s) prevents peptide bonding by binding to the 50S subunit and prevents translation? | Chloramphenicol. |
| What antimicrobial drug(s) blocks tRNA docking? | Tetracycline. |
| What antimicrobial drug(s) changes the shape of the 30S ribosome? | Streptomycin. |
| What antimicrobial drug(s) attaches to ergosterol in fungi and makes pores in the cytoplasmic membrane? | Amphotericin B |
| What antimicrobial drug(s) target a pathogens cytoplasmic membrane? | Amphotericin B |
| (T/F.?) Antimicrobial drugs that affect cell wall synthesis are more effective against gram+ organisms than they are gram- organisms.? (Why) | True/ Gram+ need many layers, less layers= no cell wall., whereas gram- bacteria only need 1 thin layer. |
| (T/F.?) Antimicrobial drugs have NO effect on existing peptidoglycan layers, but only on growing cells.? | True |
| Name one reason why some antimicrobial drugs harmful to both the pathogen (prokaryotes) and the host (eukaryotes)? | The ribosomes of prokaryotes and eukaryotes have the same size/shape (70S). |
| Why are humans somewhat susceptible to Amphotericin B? | Because ergosterol is similar to cholesterol. |
| Why are humans not affected by Sulfonamides? | Because we convert folic acids from our diet into THF, we do not use PABA to convert into THF. |
| What antimicrobial drug(s) block folic acid synthesis? | Sulfanilamides and Trimethoprims |
| What antimicrobial drug(s) target a pathogens metabolic pathway and how do they do it? | Sulfanilamides and Trimethoprims- they block folic acid synthesis. |
| What antimicrobial drug(s) target a pathogens DNA or RNA synthesis and how they do so? | Ciprofloxacin- Inhibits DNA gyrase/ Metronidazole- Reduction of the drug in host damages DNA. |
| What antimicrobial drug inhibits DNA gyrase? | Ciprofloxacin |
| What drug(s) affect a pathogens ability to synthesize DNA or RNA? | Ciprofloxacin and Metronidazole. |
| What is reverse transcription? Do humans use it? | Making DNA from RNA/ No humans do not use it, ONLY viruses. |
| Name some ideals of an antimicrobial agent. | Inexpensive, chemically stable, easily administered, selectively toxic to a wide range of pathogens. |
| Define (MIC) Minimum inhibitory concentration. | The smallest amount of a drug that will inhibit growth and reproduction of a pathogen. |
| What is the difference between the MIC and MBC test? | MIC- smallest amount of a drug to "inhibit"./ MBC- smallest amount of a drug to "destroy". |
| Name some ways in which microbes create resistance to antimicrobial drugs.? | They produce an enzyme that deactivates the drug, they prevent the entry of the drug into the cell, they alter the target of the drug, they alter their metabolic activity, and they pump the drug out of the cell before it is active. |
| Define Reverse Transcriptase? | An enzyme that allows retroviruses to make dsDNA from RNA. |
| ___________ is an enzyme that allows retroviruses to make dsDNA from RNA. | Reverse Transcriptase |
| Outside a cell in the extracellular state, a virus is called a __________. | Virion. |
| A virion consists of a protein coat, called a __________. | Capsid. |
| A _______ is an extremely small, circular piece of RNA that is infectious in plants. | Viroid |
| What is a Viroid? | An extremely small, circular piece of RNA that is infectious in plants. |
| What is a capsid? | A protein coat surrounding the nucleic acid core of a virion. |
| A ________ is a protein coat surrounding the nucleic acid core of a virion. | Capsid. |
| What is the Lytic cycle? | Cycle of viral replication that is 5 stages and ends with lysis and release of new virions from the host cell. |
| __________ is the viral replication that is 5 stages and ends with lysis and release of new virions from the host cell. | Lytic cycle |
| What is Lysogeny? | A process of viral replication in which a bacteriophage enters a bacterial cell, inserts its DNA and remains inactive for generations. And is replicated every time the host replicates. |
| __________ is known as a process of viral replication in which a bacteriophage enters a bacterial cell, inserts its DNA and remains inactive for generations. And is replicated every time the host replicates. | Lysogeny. |
| What is an Oncogene? | A mutated gene that can cause cancer. |
| A ________ is a gene is a mutated gene that can cause cancer. | Oncogene. |
| A mesophile is a microorganism that requires temperatures of ___________. | 20-40 deg. C |
| What is a mesophile? | A microorganism that requires temperatures of 20-40 deg. C |
| What is a Neutrophile? | A microorganism that requires neutral pH. |
| What is a photoautotroph? | A microorganism that requires light energy and uses carbon dioxide as a carbon source. |
| A____________ is a microorganism that requires light energy and uses carbon dioxide as a carbon source. | Photoautotroph. |
| What is a photoheterotroph? | A microorganism that requires light energy and gains nutrients via catabolism of organic compounds. |
| A ______________ is a microorganism that requires light energy and gains nutrients via catabolism of organic compounds. | Photoheterotroph. |
| What is a Chemoautotroph? | A microorganism that uses carbon dioxide as a carbon source and catabolizes organic molecules for energy. |
| A ____________ is a microorganism that uses carbon dioxide as a carbon source and catabolizes organic molecules for energy. | Chemoautotroph. |
| What is a Chemoheterotroph? | A microorganism that uses organic compounds for both energy and carbon. |
| A ______________ is a microorganism that uses organic compounds for both energy and carbon. | Chemoheterotroph. |
| What are capsids composed of? | Proteinaceous subunits called capsomeres. |
| _________ are proteinaceous subunits that capsids are composed of. | Capsomeres. |
| Name the 5 stages of the Lytic replication cycle. | Attachment of the virion to the host cell/ Entry of the virions genome/ Synthesis of new nucleic acids and proteins by the host cell's enzymes and ribosomes/ Assembly of new virions/ Release of new virions. |
| Name the 5 stages of the Lytic replication cycle. | Attachment of the virion to the host cell/ Entry of the virions genome/ Synthesis of new nucleic acids and proteins by the host cell's enzymes and ribosomes/ Assembly of new virions/ Release of new virions. |
| Sometimes a capsid assembles around leftover pieces of host DNA instead of viral DNA, so instead of inserting phage DNA into the next host cell it inserts DNA from the 1st host cell, this is known as _________________. | Transduction. |
| __________ is known as the period of time required to complete the entire process of lyitc replication from attachment to release. | Burst time. |
| T/F.? Envelope’s proteins and glycoproteins (spikes) often play role in host recognition? | True. |
| A ________ is an inactive bacteriophage. | Prophage. |
| How do "bacteriophages" differ from "animal viruses" in how they enter cells and replicate.? | Bacteriophages only enter their DNA into a host, while Animal viruses use direct penetration- the viral capsid attaches to the host and sinks into the membrane where only the genome is entered..... Membrane fusion- where the viral envelope and the cell membrane fuse, releasing the capsid into the cell and leaving the envelope as part of the cell membrane..... Endocytosis- The entire virus is engulfed into the host cell. |
| _______________ is known as when phages change the phenotype of a bacterium from harmless to pathogenic. | Lysogenic conversion. |
| T/F.? Animal viruses lack tails and tail fibers? (If so, then how do they attach to host cells?) | True/ Glycoprotein spikes. |
| Compare/contrast Viruses, Viroids, and Prions. | Viruses are the biggest (10-400nm) Prions are second biggest (5nm) and viroids are the smallest (2nm)/ Viruses have either DNA or RNA (Never both), Viroids have RNA only, and Prions have nothing/ Viruses have proteins present, Viroids do not, and Prions have PrP/ They are all acellular/ Viruses and Viroids are not self-replicating, but Prions are!/ They all lack ribosomes, growth, and metabolism. |
| Compare/contrast Viruses, Viroids, and Prions. | Viruses are the biggest (10-400nm) Prions are second biggest (5nm) and viroids are the smallest (2nm)/ Viruses have either DNA or RNA (Never both), Viroids have RNA only, and Prions have nothing/ Viruses have proteins present, Viroids do not, and Prions have PrP/ They are all acellular/ Viruses and Viroids are not self-replicating, but Prions are!/ They all lack ribosomes, growth, and metabolism. |
| Compare/contrast Viruses, Viroids, and Prions. | Viruses are the biggest (10-400nm) Prions are second biggest (5nm) and viroids are the smallest (2nm)/ Viruses have either DNA or RNA (Never both), Viroids have RNA only, and Prions have nothing/ Viruses have proteins present, Viroids do not, and Prions have PrP/ They are all acellular/ Viruses and Viroids are not self-replicating, but Prions are!/ They all lack ribosomes, growth, and metabolism. |
| Name all of the possible types of genetic material of viruses. | ssDNA, dsDNA, ssRNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA, -ssRNA |
| How do peroxides, ozone, and peracetic acid affect a pathogen? | By oxidizing their enzymes and thereby preventing metabolism. |
| How do quats affect a pathogen? | By disrupting cellular membranes, so that they lose internal ions. (Like potassiumions K+) |
| How do Heavy metals affect a pathogen? | By denaturing proteins. |
| How do aldehydes affect a pathogen? | By denaturing proteins and inactivating nucleic acids. |
