| A | B |
|---|
| Larva | Second stage of complete metamorphosis where the insect spends all its time eating to build up enough energy to go through the next stage; ex: maggot, caterpillar, grub |
| Pupa | Third stage of complete metamorphosis where the insect goes into a cocoon or chrysalis and completely changes it form |
| Molt | The process where an arthropod sheds its exoskeleton and grows a new one |
| Fish | Class of chordate (vertebrate) where the animals live in water, breathe with gills, and lay eggs in the water, most have paired fins, a gill slit cover, and a swim bladder; ex: shark, lancet, goldfish |
| Amphibian | Class of chordate (vertebrate) where animals have thin skins they breathe through when they hibernate, go through metamorphosis, breathe with gills when a tadpole and lungs as an adult and lay jelly-like eggs in water; ex: frog, salamander, toad, newt |
| Reptile | Class of chordate (vertebrate) where the animal has dry skin covered in scales, breathes through lungs all its life, lays leathery egg with stored food and water inside; ex: snake, crocodile, turtle |
| Bird | Class of chordate (vertebrate) where the animal has feathers and most can fly, hard shell egg with stored food and water inside, beak or bill and hollow bones; ex: penguin, robin, blue jay |
| Mammal | Class of chordate (vertebrate) where the animal has mammary glands to nurse the young, hair or fur on the body, lungs all its life, and most give birth to live young; ex: human, bat, dog, elephant, rabbit |
| Innate behavior | Behavior that an animal is born knowing how to do and does not have to be taught; ex: spider building a web, yawing, blinking |
| Learned behavior | Behavior that is taught to an animal by watching other animals or from learning what works and doesn’t work; ex: hunting skills, working together in a group |
| Territory | The area an animal claims as their own because it has their shelter, food, water, and mates in it; this area will be defended from others |
| Aggression | Behavior where an animal acts mean towards another one or tries to run them away; charging towards them, growling, baring teeth; done when defending territory or family |
| Territorial imperative | The need of an animal to defend its territory and family from all others by whatever means necessary |
| Social hierarchy | The behavior where animals form levels in groups where leaders are at the top and followers are at the bottom and different members have different jobs and responsibilities within the group |
| Migration | Seasonal movement of animals from one place to another and back again to follow the food or water |
| Hibernation | Behavior of an animal when it shuts down its body for a long period of time to conserve energy; usually done to get through a harsh winter; ex: bears, toads, insects |
| Estivation | Behavior where animals sleep or slow down their movement during the hotter times of the day |
| Social behavior | Behavior that happens when animals come together as a group and learn to work with each other and help each other to survive |
| Cooperation | Behavior where animals of the same species work together to get something done; ex: hunting in a pack, building a nest, looking out for predators |
| Bacteria | Domain of prokaryotes (single celled & no nucleus) that usually have a cell wall and that usually reproduce by cell division |
| Archaea | Domain of prokaryotes (single celled & no nucleus) that live in extreme conditions and environments |
| Binary fission | Type of asexual reproduction where a single celled organism splits into two single celled organisms with identical DNA to the original cell |
| Virus | A microscopic particle that invades cells and takes them over because it cannot reproduce on its own; many cause disease like AIDS, HIV, flu, common cold |
| Host | A living organism that is invaded by a virus or parasite and fed upon |
| Protista | Kingdom of eukaryotic (has a nucleus) that are unicellular and are either heterotrophs or autotrophs; split into fungus-like, plant-like, and animal-like |
| Gamete | Sex cells, sperm for males and egg cells for females |
| Spore | Reproductive cell of many types of fungi |
| Algae | Multicellular plant-like protists that make their own food through photosynthesis |
| Fungi | Kingdom of mostly multicellular organisms that are decomposers; many reproduce using spores |
| Producers | Organisms that make their own food, usually through photosynthesis; also known as autotrophs |
| Photosynthesis | Process where an organism uses sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water into glucose (sugar) and oxygen to make their own energy |
| Chlorophyll | Green pigment in the chloroplast that captures the sunlight to use for photosynthesis |
| Vascular system | System of tube-like tissues that transport water, nutrients, and minerals from one part of the plant to another; this allows the plant to grow tall |
| Seed | Baby plant, or plant embryo, that has a protective coating on the outside |
| Pollen | Holds the sperm of the plant |
| Gymnosperm | Vascular plants that make seeds that are not covered by a fruit, most are covered by cones |
| Angiosperm | Vascular plants that make flowers; the flowers make a fruit that protects the seed(s) inside |
| Nonvascular | Plants that do not have tube-like tissues to transport water, food, and minerals; the water has to seep from one cell to the next; this keeps the plants short and growing in wet environments |
| Xylem | Vascular tissue or tube that carries water and dissolved minerals from the roots of the plants up to the leaves |
| Phloem | Vascular tissues or tubes that carry food make in the leaves to the rest of the plant |
| Pistil | Female reproductive part of the flower, found in the middle or center of the flower and has the egg cell in the ovary at the bottom |
| Stamen | Male reproductive part of the flower, several of them are found surrounding the pistil and make the pollen, or sperm of the plant |
| Cellular respiration | The process where the mitochondria of a cell breaks down glucose with oxygen to make carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of ATP; done in both plant & animal cells |
| Pollination | The process where the pollen from the stamen lands on the pistil of the flower |
| Fertilization | Process where the sperm combines with the egg cell to make a fertilized egg cell, or zygote |
| Stimulus | Anything that causes a reaction or change in an organism; ex: gravity, light, water, a chemical, food, sound |
| Transpiration | The loss of water through the leaf of a plant |
| Tropism | A plants growth in response to a stimulus; ex: stems & leaves grows towards the light, roots grow down to where gravity is pulling on them |
| Dormant | The process when plants shut down their growth due to less sunlight or water and lose their leaves until the amount of sunlight or water increases; similar to hibernation in animals |
| Phototropism | The process where the stem and leaves grow towards the light source to get more light for photosynthesis |
| Consumer | Organisms that cannot make their own food and must eat or absorb the nutrients to get energy; also known as a heterotroph |
| Invertebrate | Animals without a backbone |
| Exoskeleton | Skeleton, or bones, on the outside of the animal, like arthropods; goes crunch then squish when you step on them |
| Vertebrate | Animals that have a backbone |
| Endoskeleton | Skeleton, or bones, on the inside of the animal, like echinoderms or fish; goes squish then crunch when you step on them |
| Exothermic | Another name for cold-blooded; animals that have a body temperature that changes with the outside temperature |
| Endothermic | Another name for warm-blooded; animals that have a constant internal (inside) body temperature no matter how cold or hot it is outside |
| Asymmetry | Type of symmetry where the animal is irregular in shape and doesn’t have any symmetry; no symmetry; sponges are the only animals with this type of symmetry |
| Radial symmetry | Type of symmetry where the body parts seem to come out in all directions from a central point, like spokes on a wheel; all echinoderms & cnidarians have this type of symmetry |
| Bilateral symmetry | Type of symmetry where the two sides seem to mirror each other if you drew a line down the center; most animal have this type of symmetry |
| Regeneration | The ability of an organism to grow back missing body parts; worms and echinoderms can do this |
| Porifera | Phylum of invertebrates that filter food from the ocean water through their pores and have cells but no tissues, organs, or systems; ex: sponges |
| Ctenophores | Phylum of invertebrates that have comb-like rows of cilia that help them move around; made of cells and tissues, no organs or systems; ex: comb jellies |
| Cnidarians | Phylum of invertebrates that have nematocysts that sting their prey and paralyze it before pulling their prey into their mouth; mouth is the only opening; cell & tissues, not organs or systems; ex: jellyfish, sea anemone, hydra, & coral |
| Echinoderms | Phylum of invertebrates that have radial symmetry, a water vascular system, spiny skin, tube feet, and an endoskeleton; made up of cells, tissues, organs, and systems; ex: starfish, sea cucumber, sea urchin, sand dollar |
| Platyhelminthes | Flatworms; phylum of invertebrates that have cells and simple tissues, no organs or systems, one opening the mouth, eye spots for eyes, flat shaped body, can regenerate, most are parasitic; ex: fluke, tapeworm, planaria |
| Nematodes | Roundworms; phylum of invertebrates that regenerate, have round bodies, cells tissues, and simple organs, and are parasites that cause diseases; ex: hookworm |
| Mollusks | Phylum of invertebrates that have soft bodies with a mantle that makes the shell, a muscular foot, and cells, tissues, organs, & simple systems; three classes; cephalopod, gastropod, & bivalve |
| Annelids | Segmented worm, phylum of invertebrates that have segmented bodies, cells, tissues, organs, & systems, regenerate; ex: leech, earthworm |
| Arthropods | Phylum of invertebrates with an exoskeleton, jointed appendages, mandible for chewing, cells, tissues, organs, & systems; 4 classes: insects, arachnids, crustaceans, myriapods |
| Chordates | Phylum that means vertebrate or animals with a backbone |
| Gastropods | Mollusk class with animals that crawl along on the stomach foot and leave a slimy trail, many have an external shell or shell on the outside of their body, eyestalks; ex: slug, snail, sea slug or neudabranch, sea snail, sea butter fly |
| Bivalves | Class of mollusks that has two shells on the outside, a hatchet foot that helps them dig down into the sandy bottom of the ocean or water, filter feeder, makes pearls; ex: clam, scallop, mussel, oyster |
| Cephalopods | Class of mollusk that has a head foot broken up into tentacles, most have a piece of a shell on the inside, except the nautilus with an external shell and the octopus with no shell |
| Insects | Class of arthropod with a 3 segmented body, head, thorax, & abdomen, 3 pair of legs, and one pair of antennae, goes through either complete or incomplete metamorphosis; ex; bee, fly, beetle, grasshopper, dragonfly |
| Myriapods | Class of arthropod with many segmented bodies and either one or two pair of legs per segment, one pair of antennae; ex: centipede (one pair legs per segment), millipede (two pair of legs per segment) |
| Crustaceans | Class of arthropod with a 2 segmented body, cephalothorax and abdomen, 2 pair of antennae, & both walking and swimming legs (swimmerets); ex: lobster, crab, shrimp, barnacle |
| Arachnids | Class of arthropod with a 2 segmented body, cephalothorax and abdomen, no antennae, 4 pair of legs; ex: spider, mite, tick, scorpion, horseshoe crab |
| Complete metamorphosis | Complete change in the body of an insect where it goes through the stages of egg, larva, pupa, adult, in the pupa stage, the animal makes a chrysalis or cocoon and completely changes its internal body |
| Incomplete metamorphosis | Gradual change in the body of an insect where it goes through the stages of egg, nymph, adult and gradually changes its body as it grows and molts |
| Nymph | Stage of incomplete metamorphosis where the baby insect looks like a smaller version of the adult, it needs to continue to molt and grow larger, on the last molt it will grow wings and its reproductive organs start working |
