| A | B |
|---|
| cell | smallest unit of life |
| phospholipid bilayer | also known as the cell membrane |
| cell wall is not found in these | animal cells |
| cell wall is made up of this | cellulose |
| organelles | "organs" or structures found inside the cell |
| prokaryote (prokaryotic cell) | a cell without a nucleus |
| eukaryote (eukaryotic cell) | a cell with a nucleus |
| plant cells | have a cell wall |
| nucleus | acts as the "brain" of the cell, containing genetic information (DNA) |
| nucleolus | resides inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes |
| ribosomes | assembles proteins |
| rough endoplasmic reticulum | covered in ribosomes |
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum | does not have ribosomes |
| packages and transports proteins made by ribosomes | function of the endoplasmic reticulum |
| functions of the cell membrane | provides shape, structure, and "gatekeeper" for the cell (allows the entrance/exit of certain molecules) |
| function of the golgi body | further processes and packages proteins to be exported out of the cell, and contains cisternae |
| cisternae | enzymes that modify proteins in the golgi body |
| EC: Anton van Leeuwenhoek | "Father of Microbiology"; First person to make a microscope powerful enough to see single celled organisms |
| Cell Theory | All living things are composed of cells; Cells are the smallest units of life; All cells come from other cells |
| EC: Robert Hooke | named "cells" after seeing them in cork under a microscope |
| EC: Rudolf Virchow | "Father of Pathology"; discovered that all cells come from other cells |
| compound light microscope | Uses lenses to focus light rays |
| components of the cell membrane | proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids |
| recognition protein | found in the cell membrane; contains carbohydrate "antennae" to communicate with other cells/recognize molecules |
| transport proteins | facilitates entrance of larger or non lipid-soluable molecules in and out of the cell |
| passive transport | Only small, lipid-soluble molecules can diffuse across the phospholipid bilayer; does not use energy |
| a function of the cell membrane | Separates the cell’s contents from the external environment |
| facilitated transport | Diffusion through protein channels or carrier proteins in cell membrane – mainly water and ions; does not use energy |
| active transport | Requires energy to move particles “uphill” against their concentration gradient, often through transport proteins |
| diffusion | Movement of particles from area of high particle concentration to area of low particle concentration |
| osmosis | Diffusion of water across a semi permeable membrane from area of high to low water concentration |
| hypertonicity | presence of a solution that causes cell shrinkage |
| isotonic | presence of a solution doesn’t change cell volume |
| hypotonicity | presence of a solution that causes cells to swell |
| antibiotics (such as Penicillin) | kills bacteria by loosening their cells walls so they take on extra water and quickly explode |
| use active transport to bring in, or take out large molecules | endocytosis and exocytosis |
| exocytosis | Vesicle fuses with cell membrane and releases contents outside cell |
| endocytosis | Cell membrane surrounds particles outside of the cell and forms a vesicle to bring them inside cell |
| nuclear envelope/membrane | Membrane surrounding nucleus with holes called nuclear pores; allows entrance/exit of molecules into/out of the nucleus |
| cytoplasm | Liquid/jelly inside the cell containing organelles |
| lysosome | "trash can" and "recycling center" of the cell; contains digestive enzymes which break down waste, food, and old organelles, then exports waste out of the cell |
| organelles with a membrane | nucleus, ER, golgi, lysosome, vacuole, mitochondria, chloroplasts |
| organelles without a membrane | ribosome, cytoskeleton |
| plants and bacteria have this but animal cells don't | cell wall |
| cytoskeleton | made up of microtubules and microfilaments, which are made out of protein |
| function of the cytoskeleton | provides structure to the cell as well as a transport system for molecules being moved about the cell's cytoplasm |
| made from protein, hairy-like organelles which are involved in motility of the cell, or in motility of molecules around the cell | cilia |
| made from protein, tail-like organelles which are involved in motility of cells | flagella |
| vacuole | storage structure in cells which isolate waste products as well as materials that might be harmful to the cell, and mostly contains water in plant cells |
| function of the endoplasmic reticulum | to formulate proteins into more complex shapes |
| aquaporin | proteins in the cell membrane that act as water channels (let water through) |
| organ system | many organs that work together to perform a specific function |
| organ | many groups of tissues that work together |
| centriole/centrosome | located near the nucleus, and help to organize cell division. They are NOT found in plant cells. |
| homeostasis | to maintain a relatively stable or constant internal physical and chemical environment |
| tissue | a group of similar cells |
| selectively permeable (semipermeable) | some substances can pass through a membrane while others can't |
| EC: Theodor Schwann | found that animals are made of cells |
| EC: Matthias Schleiden | found that plants are made of cells |
