| A | B |
|---|
| Anglican | Relating to the Church of England; established by Parliament in 1559 with Elizabeth I’s insistence; was the only legal church in England |
| annul | To cancel or set aside |
| Avignon | City in France where Pope Clement V chose to live; popes lived there for 69 years (as opposed to Rome), greatly weakening the Church; 1378 – College of Cardinals elected two popes (Urban VI & Clement VII), each pope declared the other false, one lived in Rome & the other in ____ |
| Calvinism | A body of religious teachings based on the ideas of reformer John Calvin |
| Catholic Reformation | 16th century movement in which the Roman Catholic Church sought to make changes in response to the Protestant reformation |
| Gutenberg | 15th century German craftsman; developed a printing press (1440) – used technology in a new way, making printing faster; 1455 – Gutenberg Bible – first full-size book printed with moveable type |
| Henry VIII | 1509 – became king of England; 1527 – asked the pope to annul marriage to Catherine of Aragon but the pope said no; 1529 – got Parliament to pass laws making the pope powerless in England |
| humanism | Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts & focused on human potential and achievements |
| Indulgence | A pardon releasing a person from punishments due for a sin |
| Leonardo da Vinci | 1452-1519; painter, sculptor, inventor & scientist; studied how things worked; Mona Lisa; The Last Supper |
| Martin Luther | 1517 – Wrote 95 Theses and posted them on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg – was a reaction to friar Johann Tetzel raising money to rebuild St. Peter’s Cathedral by selling indulgences;1483-1546 |
| patron | A person who supports artists, especially financially |
| perspective | An artistic technique that creates the appearance of three dimensions (3D) on a flat surface |
| predestination | The doctrine that God has decided all things beforehand, including which people will be eternally saved |
| Protestant | A member of a Christian church founded on the principles of the Reformation |
| Reformation | 16th century movement for religious reform, leading to the founding of Christian churches that rejected the pope’s authority |
| secular | Concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters |
| utopia | An imaginary land described by Thomas More in his book; an ideal place |
| vernacular | Everyday language of people in a region or country |
| William Shakespeare | b.1564; Most famous writer of the Elizabethan Age (Elizabeth I’s reign); inspired by the classics; Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Macbeth, Othello… |
