| A | B |
|---|
| MOVEMENT | CAUSED BY ABILITY OF MUSCLE CELLS (CALLED FIBERS) TO SHORTEN OR CONTRACT |
| MUSCLE CELLS ARE ALSO CALLED | FIBERS |
| MUSCLE CELLS | SHORTEN BY CONVERTING CHEMICAL ENERGY (OBTAINED BY FOOD) INTO MECHANICAL ENERGY WHICH CAUSES MOVEMENT |
| 3 TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE IN THE BODY | SKELETAL, CARDIAC, NONSTRIATED MUSCLE OR INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE |
| SKELETAL MUSCLE | ALSO CALLED STRIATED OR VOLUNTARY MUSCLE IS 40% TO 50% BODY WEIGHT, MICROSCOPE REVEALS CROSSWISE STRIPES OR STRIATIONS, CONTRACTIONS CAN BE VOLUNTARILY CONTROLLED |
| CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE IN THE BODY | COMPOSES BULK OF HEART |
| CARDIAC MUSCLE CELLS | BRANCH FREQUENTLY, CHARACTERIZED BY UNIQUE DARD BANDS CALLED INTERCALATED DISKS, INTERCONNECTED NATURE OF CARDIAC MUSCLE CELLS ALLOWS HEART TO CONTRACT EFFICIENTLY AS A UNIT |
| DARK BANDS | INTERCALATED DISKS |
| NONSTRIATED OR INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE | SMOOTH OR VISCERAL MUSCLE |
| NONSTRIATED/INVOLUNTARY/SMOOTH/VISCERAL MUSCLE | LACKS CROSS STRIPES, APPEARS SMOOTH, FOUND IN WALLS OF HOLLOW VISCERAL STRUCTURES SUCH AS DIGESTIVE TRACT, BLOOD VESSELS, AND URETERS, CONTRACTIONS NO UNDER VOLUNTARY CONTROL, MOVEMENT CAUSED BY CONTRACTION IS INVOLUNTARY |
| FUNCTION OF MUSCLE TISSUE | ALL MUSCLE CELLS SPECIALIZE IN CONTRACTION (SHORTENING) |
| ORIGIN | ATTACHMENT TO THE BONE THAT REMAINS RELATIVELY STATIONARY OR FIXED WHEN MOVEMENT OF THAT JOINT OCCURS |
| INSERTION | POINT OF ATTACHMENT TO THE BONE THAT MOVES WHEN A MUSCLE CONTRACTS |
| MUSCLES ATTACH TO BONE BY TENDONS | STRONG CORDS OF FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE, SOME TENDONS ENCLOSED IN SYNOVIAL-LINED TUBES AND ARE LUBRICATED BY SYNOVIAL FLUID, TUBES CALLED TENDON SHEATHS |
| TENDON SHEATHS | SYNOVIAL-LINED TUBES |
| BURSAE | SMALL SYNOVIAL-LINED SACS CONTAINING A SMALL AMOUNT OF SYNOVIAL FLUID, LOCATED BETWEEN SOME TENDONS AND UNDERLYING BONES |
| CONTRACTILE CELLS CALLED | FIBERS-GROUPED INTO BUNDLES |
| FIBERS CONTAIN | MILOFILAMENTS |
| THICK MYOFILAMENTS | CONTAINING THE PROTEIN MYOSIN |
| THIN MYOFILAMENTS | COMPOSED OF ACTIN |
| BASIC FUNCTIONAL CONTRACTILE UNIT CALLED | SARCOMERE, located between two Z LINES |
| SLIDING FILAMENT MODEL EXPLAINS MECHANISM OF CONTRACTION | THICK AND THIN MYOFILAMENTS SLIDE PAST EACH OTHER AS A MUSCLE CONTRACTS, CONTRACTION REQUIRES CALCIUM AND ENERGY RICH ATP MOLECULES |
| SYNERGIST | MUSCLE WHOSE CONTRACTIONS HELP THE PRIME MOVER PRODUCE A GIVEN MOVEMENT |
| ANTAGONIST | MUSCLE WHOSE ACTIONS OPPOSE THE ACTION OF A PRIME MOVER IN ANY GIVEN MOVEMENT |
| POSTURE | A SPECIALIZED TYPE OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION CALLED TONIC CONTRACTION,ENABLES US TO MAINTAIN BODY POSITION |
| CONTRACTION OF MUSCLE FIBERS | PRODUCES MOST OF THE HEAT REQUIRED TO MAINTAIN NORMAL BODY TEMP |
| FATIGUE | IS CAUSED BY REPEATED MUSCLE STIMULATION WITHOUT ADEQUATE PERIODS OF REST |
| REPEATED MUSCLE CONTRACTION | DEPLETES CELLULAR ATP STORES AND OUTSTRIPS THE ABILITY OF THE BLOOD SUPPLY TO REPLENISH OXYGEN AND NUTRIENTS |
| CONTRACTION | IS THE ABSENSE OF ADEQUATE OXYGEN PRODUCES LACTIC ACID |
| LACTIC ACID | CONTRIBUTES TO MUSCLE SORENESS |
| OXYGEN DEBT | TERM USED TO DESCRIBE THE METABOLIC EFFORT REQUIRED TO BURN EXCESS LACTIC ACID THAT MAY ACCUMULATE DURING PROLONGED PERIODS OF EXERCISE, TEH BODY IS ATTEMPING TO RETURN TO CELLS ENERGY AND OXYGEN RESERVES TO PRE-EXERCISE LEVELS |
| MOST MUSCLES CAUSE MOVEMENTS | BY PULLING ON BONES ACROSS MOVABLE PARTS |
| RESPIRATORY, CIRCULATORY, NERVOUS, MUSCULAR AND SKELTAL SYSTEMS | PLAY ESSENTIAL ROLES IN PRODUCING NORMAL MOVEMENTS |
| A NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION | IS THE SPECIALIZED POINT OF CONTACT BETWEEN A NERVE ENDING AND THE MUSCLE FIBER IT INNERVATES |
| A MOTOR UNIT | IS THE COMBINATION OF A MOTOR NEURON WITH THE MUSCLE CELL |
| A MUSCLE WILL CONTRACT | ONLY IF AN APPLIED STIMULUS REACHES A CERTAIN LEVEL OF INTENSITY |
| A THRESHOLD STIMULUS | IS THE MINIMAL LEVEL OF STIMULATION REQUIRED TO CAUSE A MUSCLE FIBER TO CONTRACT |
| ONCE STIMULATED BY A THRESHOLD STIMULUS | A MUSCLE FIBER WILL CONTRACT COMPLETELY, A RESPONSE CALLED ALL OR NONE |
| TYPES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRATIONS | TWITCH AND TETANIC, ISOTONIC, ISOMETRIC |
| ISOTONIC CONTRACTIONS | CONTRACTION OF A MUSCLE THAT PRODUCES MOVEMENT AT A JOINT, DURING ISOTONIC THE MUSCLE SHORTENS, CAUSING THE INSERTION END OF THE MUSCLE TO MOVE TOWARD THE POINT OF ORIGIN |
| ISOTONIC CONTRACTIONS EXAMPLES | WALKING OR RUNNING |
| ISOMETRIC CONTRACTIONS | ARE MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS THAT DO NOT PRODUCE MOVEMENT, TEH MUSCLE AS A WHOLE DOES NOT SHORTEN, NO MOVEMENT OCCURS BUT TENSION INCREASES WITHIN THE MUSCLE |
| EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON SKELTAL MUSCLES | MUSCLES UNDERGO CHANGES RELATED TO THE AMOUNT OF WORK THEY NORMALLY DO |
| TRAPEZIUS | ELEVATES SHOULDERS AND EXTENDS HEAD |
| PECTORALIS MAJOR (U/E) | FLEXES & Adducts the shoulder |
| LATISSIMUS DORSI (U/E) | EXTENDS shoulder |
| Action of the BICEPS BRACHII (U/E) | FLEXES elbow |
| Action of the TRICEPS BRACHII (U/E) | EXTENDS the elbow |
| RECTUS ABDOMINIS | Flexes the Trunk |
| Action of the ILIOPSOAS (L/E) | FLEXES THIGH |
| Action of the GLUTEUS MAXIMUS (L/E) | EXTENDS THIGH |
| Action of the ADDUCTOR MUSCLES (L/E) | ADDUCT THIGHS |
| Action of the HAMSTRING MUSCLES | FLEX LOWER LEG |
| HAMSTRING MUSCLES INCLUDE | SEMIMEMBRANOSUS, SEMITENDINOSUS, BICEPS FEMORIS |
| Action of the QUADRICEPS group | EXTEND LOWER LEG |
| QUADRICEPS FEMORIS GROUP INCLUDE | RECTUS FEMORIS, VASTUS MUSCLES |
| TIBIALIS ANTERIOR (L/E) | DORSIFLEXES FOOT |
| GASTROCNEMIUS (L/E) | PLANTAR FLEXES FOOT |
| FLEXION | MOVEMENT THAT DECREASES THE ANGLE BETWEEN TWO BONES AT THEIR JOINT, BENDING |
| EXTENSION | MOVEMENT THAT INCREASES THE ANGLE BETWEEN TWO BONES AT THEIR JOINT, STRAIGHTENING |
| ABDUCTION | MOVEMENT OF A PART AWAY FROM THE MIDLINE OF THE BODY |
| ADDUCTION | MOVEMENT OF A PART TOWARD THE MIDLINE OF THE BODY |
| ROTATION | MOVEMENT AROUND A LONGITUDINAL AXIS |
| SUPINATION | PALM TURNED TO THE ANTERIOR POSITION |
| PRONATION | PALM FACES POSTERIORLY |
| DORSIFLEXTION | FOOT MOVEMENT, ELEVATION OF THE DORSUM OR TOP OF THE FOOT |
| PLANTAR FLEXION | THE BOTTOM OF THE FOOT IS DIRECTED DOWNWARD |
