| A | B |
|---|
| All living things need this in order to survive | the ability to produce energy |
| ATP | a molecular compound with 3 phosphates which acts like a battery to provide energy to the cell ( a "charged" molecule) |
| Energy in ATP | is stored in its phosphate bonds |
| ADP | a molecule with 2 phosphates, known as "uncharged" energy molecule |
| adenosine triphosphate | what ATP stands for |
| adenosine diphosphate | what ADP stands for |
| where animals get their energy from | food |
| glucose | a 6-carbon molecule (aka a carbohydrate or a monosaccharide) |
| glycolysis | the series of reactions in which a molecule of glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvate in the cytoplasm |
| the net gain of ATP from glycolysis | 2 ATP |
| Krebs Cycle | a series of reactions where molecules of pyruvate are broken down to make citric acid, then a 5-carbon molecule, then a 4-carbon molecule |
| fermentation | the metabolism of glucose in an anaerobic environment |
| anaerobic | means a reaction that takes place without the presence of oxygen |
| aerobic | means a reaction that takes place in the presence of oxygen |
| lactic acid | is produced in the muscles when the body cannot supply enough oxygen fast enough to meet their needs |
| NAD+ and FAD | electron acceptors/carriers |
| carbon dioxide (CO2) | a byproduct of the Krebs Cycle that we breathe out |
| Electron Transport Chain (ETC) | receives high-energy electrons and protons (hydrogen ions) produced from the Kreb's Cycle, whose energy is used to produce more ATP |
| the net gain of ATP from the Krebs Cycle | 2 ATP |
| the net gain of ATP from the Electron Transport Chain | about 32 ATP |
| the net gain of ATP from the entire process of cellular respiration from 1 molecule of glucose | about 36-38 ATP |
| the chemical formula for glycolysis/cellular respiration | 6O2 + C6H12O6 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy |
| Main reactants in glycolysis/cellular respiration | oxygen + glucose |
| Main products of glycolysis/cellular respiration | carbon dioxide + water + energy (ATP) |
| two types of fermentation | alcoholic fermentation & lactic acid fermentation |
| quick energy comes from this process | lactic acid fermentation is used to get quick energy and gives off lactic acid as a byproduct, thus the muscle pain |
| anaerobic process | glycolysis |
| 2 aerobic pathways in cellular respiration | Kreb's Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain |
| Takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell | glycolysis & fermentation |
| 2 pathways of cellular respiration which take place in the mitochondria of the cell | Krebs Cycle & the Electron Transport Chain |
| NADH and FADH2 | high energy electron carriers (they are carrying hydrogen ions & electrons) |
| During glycolysis, glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of this | pyruvic acid (pyruvate) |
| acetyl CoA | pyruvate is first broken down into this before it can enter the Krebs cycle |
| Given off every time a carbon is stripped off of the carbon compound during the Krebs cycle | carbon dioxide (CO2) |
| Where glycolysis happens | cytoplasm |
| Where the Krebs cycle happens | the matrix of the mitochondria |
| Where the electron transport chain happens | the inner membrane and the intermembrane space of the mitochondria |
| hydrogen ions (aka protons) | move across the proton gradient into the inner membrane space, powered by electrons moving through the electron transport chain |
| As they move down the election transport chain, their energy level decreases, but is used to make ATP | electrons |
| These shoot though the ATP synthase "machine" to help make ATP and then join with O and electrons to form water | hydrogen ions |
| another name for H+ ions/hydrogen ions | protons |
| the number of NADH produced in the Krebs Cycle per one molecule of glucose | 8 |
| the number of FADH2 produced in the Krebs Cycle per one molecule of glucose | 2 |
| the molecule formed from pyruvic acid which eventually becomes citric acid at the beginning of the Krebs Cycle | acetyl CoA |
| hydrogen ions are gathered here to create a proton gradient | intermembrane space of the mitochondria |
| glycogen | a form of carbohydrate (sugar) that can be stored in the liver/other cells to convert to glucose to be used for cellular respiration |
| these organisms use alcoholic fermentation | yeast |
| these organisms use lactic acid fermentation | us, and some bacteria |
