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Special Senses

These activities cover the Special Senses section of HSTE.

AB
Lacrimal Glandsthe glands in the eyes that produce tears and keep the eye moist and constantly cleanse it
Conjuctivaa mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the front of the eye to provide additional protection and lubricant to the eye
Sclerathe outermost layer of the eye made of connective tissue and frequently referred to as the "whites" of the eyes. In patients with Hepatitis or Liver conditions it may turn yellow (jaundice)
Corneais a circular transparent part of the front of the sclera and allows light rays to enter the eye
Choroid Coatthe middle layer of the eye that is interlaced with many blood vessels that nourish the eye.
Retinathe innermost layer of the eye and made of many layers of nerve cells which transmit light impulses to the optic nerve
Conesare special cells lining the retina that allow us to see and interpret color
Rodscells that line the retina that allow us to see when vision is dark or dim
Iristhe colored portion of the eye that contains two muscles which control the size of the pupil and regulate the amount of light entering the eye
Pupilthe opening in the center of the eye
Lensa circular structure located behind the pupil and suspended by ligaments that helps the eye focus by refracting (bending) light rays to the rays focuc on the retina
Aqueous Humora clear watery fluid that fills the space between the cornea and the iris and maintains the forward curve of the eye
Vitreous Humoris the jellylike substance that fills the area behind the lens and maintains the shape of the eyeball
Amblyopialazy eye, commonly occurs early in childhood which can be treated by covering the dominant eye to stimulate the strength in the laze eye. If not treated before the age of 9 blindness may occur
Astigmatismis an abnormal shape of curvature of the cornea that causes blurred vision but can be corrected by glasses and help to focus light on one area of the retina versus multiple areas which causes blurry vision especially at night
Cataractoccurs when the lens of the eye becomes cloudy and the patient may see halos around lights, have gradual vision loss, or a milky-white pupil. Sight can be restored by surgical removal
ConjunctivitisPink EYE, a very contagious inflammation of the conjuctiva due to a bacteria (can be treated by antibiotics) or a virus
Glaucomaincreased intraocular pressure within the eye caused by excessive aqueous humor and is the leading cause of blindness over 40 years of age and symptoms include loss of peripheral (side) vision, halos, limited night vision, and mild aching which can be treated with eye drops or surgery
HyperopiaFarsightedness (you can see things FAR away but cannot see things close)
MyopiaNearsightedness ( you can see things CLOSE but not far away)
Presbyopialoss of lens elasticity that can cause farsightedness and can be corrected with "reading glasses" or bifocals
Strabismuswhen the eyes do not move or focus together and can be treated with eye exercises or surgery
Nystagmusinvoluntary movement of the eye ( dancing eyes or jerking ) and can be associated with vertigo, nervous system damage (concussion), toxicity, drugs, or alcohol
Pinna or Auriclethe elastic cartilage of the outside of the ear covered in skin that gives a persons ears shape
Auditory Canalalso known as the ear canal
Cerumenear wax that is produces in the auditory canal to protect the ear and tympanic membrane (eardrum)
Middle Earsmall space where the transmission of sound from the tympanic membrane vibrates the three small bones (Ossicles: malleus, incus, and stapes) to the inner ear
Eustachian Tubea tube that connects the middle ear to the phaynx (throat) and allows air to enter the ear (popping) to equalize pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane so you can hear
Inner Earthe most complex portion of the sense of hearing where vibrations are interpreted into sound
Oval Windowseparates the middle ear from the inner ear
Vestibulethe first section of the inner ear which acts as an entrance to the two other parts of the inner ear
Cochleashaped like a snail's shell in the inner ear and contains structures that assist in hearing
Organ of Cortipart of the cochlea that houses the hairlike projections that assist in interpreting vibrations into sound
Semicircular Canalcanals that contain a liquid and delicate hairlike cells that bend when the liquid moves with the head and body movements and assist patients with their sense of balance and equilibrium
Meniere's Diseaseresults from a collection of fluid in the labyrinth of the inner ear and a degeneration of the hair like cells in the cochlea and vestibule. Symptoms include vertigo, tinnitus, nausea and vomiting, loss of balance and a tendency to fall
Vertigosevere dizziness
Tinnitusringing of the ears
Otitis Externainflammation of the external auditory canal and is usually caused by a bacteria or virus. Swimmer Ear is a common example
Otitis Mediainflammation or infection of the middle ear and frequently following a sore throat or strep throat since the eustachian tube is a pathway for organisms to travel up when coughing or sneezing
Myringotomya procedure where a small incision is made in the tympanic membrane and tubes are inserted to relieve pressure and allow fluid to drain
Otosclerosisoccurs when the stapes become immoblie, causing conductive hearing loss and symptoms include graudal hearing loss, tinnitus, and at times vertigo.
Sense of Tastesweet and salty on the tip of tongue while sour is on the sides and bitter is in the back all of which can be influenced by the sense of smell



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