| A | B |
|---|
| Enlightenment | a movement in philosophic thought that emerged between the Glorious Revolution in England and American and French Revolutions |
| Philosphes | the french leaders of hte Enlightenment |
| Montesquieu | Author of the Spirit of the Laws which discusses that different countries need different kings of governments, separation of powers (in our constitution) |
| Encyclopedia | Diderot - reaffirmed the faith in human progressed based on education. Ulimately filled 17 volumes |
| Voltaire | a philosophe, preferred benevolent and enlightened despotism to badly administered self-rule, Argues for freedom of religion/press/iquirey (speech thought) is ideal government is an Enlightened Despot, his idea of an enlightened despot did not reform america but freedoms made it into the constitution and ammendments |
| Elightened despotism | a benevolent form of absolutism. ruler acts for the good of the people, nto self interest |
| Rousseau | propsed a democracy to justify repressive tyranny of the majority. state into a community, great power to that community, very democratic, government protects peoples freedom |
| Social contract | that citizens accept the authority of the state and the state agrees to act only with the consent of the governed |
| Stamp Act | 1765levied taxes on a long list of commercial and legal documents. Protested by the colonists and only reluctantly repealed by parliment b/c of serious rioting and boycotting of British goods |
| King George III | issued decreses so harsh taht the Amaricans declared themselves an independant country in 1776 and fought to end british rule over them |
| Declaraion of Independance | (1776) Declared the right of revolution also discusseed the wrongs taht the English put against them |
| Constitution | (1789) guarentees americans not only the basic rights enjoyed by the british at the time, but more: freedom of religion, press, assembly, petition etc |
| Bill of Rights | (1791) First 10 ammendemtns in the Constitution |
| Manifest Destiny | belief in Americas natural growth across the continent |
| French Revolution | (1789) an internal revolt against entrenched feudal, clerical, and monarchial privilege within the most populous and most powerful European state of its time |
| Estates | the clergy (control 10% of france), the nobility (25% of france), then everyone else |
| Etates General | constitutional government which the king subordinate to them |
| Borgeoisie | leading urban professional and commercial classes |
| National Assembly | the combo of a few priests and the Third estae |
| Bastille | the mayor of paris |
| Declaration of Right and Man and the Citizen | put in place of the fuedalism and serfdom |
| March of the Women | broke into the palace, overwhelmed the national guard |
| Great Fear | L:andlords were attempting to block reorm by hirign thugs to burn the harvest |
| Second Revolution | began when mobs stormed the royal palace attempting to kill the king |
| Jacobins | members of a nationwide netword of political lubs named for a former convent in Paris where thy had met |
| Girondins, Montagnards | subsets of Jacobins |
| Sansculottes | the artisans of Paris |
| Reign of Terror | murder of counter-revolutionaries |
| Robespierre | Introduced in 1797 the Worship of the Suipreme Being, a kind of civic religious ritual hthat alienated the Catholic majority of France |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | a general who then became first consul |
| Copernicus | Proved that the universe did not revolve around the earth, disprove the church. potential loss of power by church (Scientific Revolution) |
| Hobbes | Labiathin, State of Nature, bleak biew on humanit. If pple are evil we need a gov't to control us and maintain discipline which is why we have a "social contract" |
| State of Nature | the theory of Hobbes that man is born evil and with out a government we would all be greedy and the world would be chaos (during the 17th century) |
| Locke | Agrees that there needs to be a social contract, but that the governemnt provides protection in turn. Protection o f Property. Gave the ideas of the Majorit Rule, Right of Revolution (if the government does not provide protection) He infludneced the daclaration on Independance and also wrote the Second Treatise on Governemnt (about the structure of government) (during the 17th century) |
| American Revolution | 1763, Taxation becuase at the end of the 7 years war (French Indian war) Britain was so large taht it was too expensive to fun. TAXING! |
| Divine Right | God was the one who granted the Kings their right to the throne |
| Homage and Fealty | this was the military support that the vassal was required to give to his lord if nee be. Its a contract betweent he lord and its vassal |
| Shield Money | The money that was used for the lord so he wouldn't have to serve in the military |
| Types of Peasants | Free and Indentured (slave) |
| Fief | land |
| Rights of Peasants | Freed Peasants had the right to their own business, graze the fields, land and to pass that land on, soem local political rights |
| Types of Soldiers | Knights, Foot Soldiers and archers |
| Quintains | wooden dummy that the knights practiced with using their spear and sword |
| Michiavelli | a high ranking government official who argued that the ends justify the means, wrote The Prince which proposed a new harsh and hardnosed philosophy of government |
| St Francis of Assisi | An order of priests and nuns, the Franciscans followed him |
| Black Death (bubonic plague) | came by way of traing ships and rats, killed 1/2 of Europes population |
| Hundred Years War | 1337-1453 between England and France |
| Prince Henry the Navigator | a member of protugals ruling fam, fostered continuous explration of theweast african coast in search of a southern pass around africa to asia |
| Dias | 1488, rounded the cape of good hope |
| Fredinand and Isabella | united spain by marriage |
| Reconquista | Driving muslims out of Canada. Exiled jews who refused to convert |
| Columbus | sailed to the americas and therefore proving hte world is ound |
| Magellan | also estavlished the basis for Spains claim to the Phillippines |
| Tready of Tordessillas | divided the newly accessible worlds of Asia and the Western Hemisphere between the spanish and the Portugese (Portugal got Brazil) |
| Middle Ages | a time with no political force able to protect trade, build and maintain roads and provied a consistent standard of law |
| Renaissance | literally, rebirth, when western Europeans were revivving and reintegrating lost Freek and roman urban culture back into their lives |
| Midievall | a middle age between the greatness that had been and the greatness that the Europeans felt were now returning |
| feudal | having to do with land control |
| vassals | relative military power, lesser than lords |
| knights | mounted horsemen among the vassals |
| Serfs | people bound to the land by pwerosnal status and offering to the lord of the manor their labor and services or a cash rent in exchanfe for the right to work the land, a share in its product or just administration within the manor, and protection from outside attack |
| "City air makes one free" | said by rural serfs who managed o escape their manors and survive in a city for a year won their freedom from the land |
| Summa Theologica | the greatest of the mideival church theologians adressed the issue of the church modyifying some of its eirlier denunciations of besuiness and its pracitces |
| Luthor | Believed the church had too much power and is corrupt. Because of indulgences and controled too much of peoples lives. No need for a middle man |
| John Calvin | believed in a private relationship with god, but deny the church |
| Spread of Reformation | England - Henry VIII wanted a divorce, France - St Bartholemews Day Masacre |
| Factors of Europen Exp And discovery | Growth of Nation0states (larger tax vase) Unification of England (William) Spain (Ferdinand and Isabella) Military Technology (gun powder, improvement on maps and navigation [prince henry the navigator] compas) Wealth [gold, silver] Spices, Capitalism,, Spread of Christianity, Europes rebounding economy (Agriculture, international trade) |
| Olduvai Gorge | Where the leakeys found the Zinj Skull (Homo Habilis) |
| Natural Selection | Darwins theory that an individual is most likely to survive if they are best adapted to their environment |
| Lucy | An A aferensis with a brain size too small to be considered a Homo |
| A. Ramidus Kadabba | Found in Ethiopia, 5.5 million yrs old, bipedal |
| A. Aferensis | Found in the Cradle Lands (East africa) 4-2.7 million years old, too small pelvis, humanlike spine, too small brain, LUCY |
| Homo Habilis | Found in Africa, 2.2-1.6 million years old, large brain, similar skeletal anat. "Handy Man" Tools, ZINJ |
| Erectus | Found in Asia and Africa (Migration/radiation?) meat eaters, intellegence, fire (?) JAVA MAN, PEKING MAN |
| Sapiens | 500,000-200,000 yrs ago, no brow ridge, no elongated face, skulls/bodies like ours, intellegence NEANDERTHALS |
| Buddhism | Siddhara Guatma (wished to find a way to escape the pain and suffering of life and teach it to others) . Buddhism is a decentralized religion with little formal structure and a lack of rigid leadership, the 5 Noble Truths (**Life is Suffering, Follow the eightfold path**) |
| Hinduism | Bhakti (were eighteen ancient stories or collections of Hindu folk tales) |
| Jains | reject the dominance of brahmins and the continuance of a caste system of India |
| Prehistoric | before written records |
| The Hindu Cycle of life | one should follow dharma, its principles outlined in ancient Indian literature |
| Brahma | (Hinduism) The universal soul or Absolute Truth |
| Buddha's Beliefs | To escape life's sorrow and suffering one must follow the Eightfold Path., Life is sorrow,The desire for power and sensual pleasure leads to sorrow in life. |
