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| Name three types of Symbiotic relationships and how the host and organism either benefits or is harmed and how? | Mutualism- Both host and microbe benefit, ex- bacteria in human colon./ Commensalism- Organism benefits, but host neither benefits nor is harmed, ex- Staphylococcus on skin./ Parasitism- Microbe benefits, but host is harmed, ex- Tuberculosis bacteria in lung.. |
| Any parasite that causes a disease is called a ___________. | Pathogen. |
| What does Axenic mean? What parts of the human body is Axenic? | To be free of microbes and contains only one species../ The alveoli of the lungs and the dermis/hypodermis of the skin. |
| Name 2 types of normal microbiota and their similarities/differences. | Resident microbiota- remain apart of the human body throughout ones life/ Transient Microbiota- only last in the human body for only a few days or months because of competition or elimination by the bodys defense cells. (Both are similar in the fact that they are both found in the same regions of the body.) |
| _________ is when disease that spreads naturally from an animal host to a human. | Zoonosis |
| Define Zoonosis? | Disease that spreads from an animal host to humans. |
| Name three types of reservoirs for disease? | Animal, Human, and non-living reservoirs (soil, water, food). |
| What is the difference between an infection and disease? | An infection is the successful invasion of the body by a pathogen, but may not adversely affect the body. A Disease adversely affects the body. |
| Disease is also known as, ___________, which is any change from a state of health. | Morbidity. |
| Name three ways in which humans acquire zoonoses. | Direct contact with the animal or its wastes, Eating animals and bloodsucking anthropods. |
| T/F.? Humans are usually dead-end host to zoonotic pathogens? | True |
| _________ results when the organism has evaded the body’s external defenses, multiplied, and become established in the body. | Infection |
| ___________ is the mere presence of microbes in or on the body. | Contamination. |
| Name the 4 major pathways/portals of entry through which pathogens enter the body. | Skin, mucous membranes, placenta and parenteral route. |
| T/F.? Not all diseases are from infections.? (Why is this true or false?) | True, because disease can be hereditary, congenital, degenerative, nutritional.... etc.) |
| The study of the "cause" of disease is called __________. | Etiology. |
| ___________ is known as the fact that disease is caused by infections of pathogenic microorganisms. | Germ theory of disease. |
| What is the Germ Theory of disease? | States that Disease is caused by infections of pathogenic microorganisms. |
| Name Koch's Postulates. | 1.) The suspected agent must be present in every case of the disease... 2.) The agent must be isolated and grown in a pure culture... 3.) The cultured agent must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy and susceptible host (animal/plant)... 4.) The same agent must be reisolated from the diseased experimental host.. |
| What are some limitations to Koch's Postulates? | Some Pathogens cannot be grown on laboratory media/ Some diseases are caused by a combination of pathogens/ Ethical reasons prevent applying Koch's 3rd postulate to detect pathogens in human only (inoculating a healthy human host). |
| Name Koch's Postulates. | 1.) The suspected agent must be present in every case of the disease... 2.) The agent must be isolated and grown in a pure culture... 3.) The cultured agent must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy and susceptible host (animal/plant)... 4.) The same agent must be reisolated from the diseased experimental host.. |
| What are some limitations to Koch's Postulates? | Some Pathogens cannot be grown on laboratory media/ Some diseases are caused by a combination of pathogens/ Ethical reasons prevent applying Koch's 3rd postulate to detect pathogens in human only (inoculating a healthy human host). |
| Define Koch's Postulates. | Four criteria that were established by Robert Koch to identify the causative agent of a particular disease. |
| Define Koch's Postulates. | Four criteria that were established by Robert Koch to identify the causative agent of a particular disease. |
| What is the difference between pathogenicity and virulence? | Pathogenicity is the ability of a microorganism to cause disease and virulence is the degree of pathogenicity. |
| Define Virulence factors. | Factors like enzymes and toxins that affect the ability of a pathogen to infect and cause disease. |
| __________ are enzymes and toxins that affect the ability of a pathogen to infect and cause disease. | Virulence factors. |
| Name some virulence factors that contribute to an organism’s virulence. | Adhesion factors, biofilms, extracellular enzymes, toxins, and Antiphagocytic factors. |
| Name some virulence factors that contribute to an organism’s virulence. | Adhesion factors, biofilms, extracellular enzymes, toxins, and Antiphagocytic factors. |
| Explain how extracellular enzymes, toxins, adhesion factors and Antiphagocytic factors affect Virulence? | Extracellular enzymes- they dissolve structural chemicals in the body and help pathogen maintain infection and invade further into the body/ Toxins- Chemicals that harm tissues or trigger host immune responses that cause damage, toxemia./ Adhesion factors- Some pathogens can change the shape of their adhesions, not allowing ligands of the cells in the body to bind to them./ Antiphagocytic factors- bacterial capsules, that are slimy and unrecognizable by the host because it is composed of chemicals that are not recognized as foreign and Antiphagocytic chemicals- that prevent lysosomes from fusing with phagocytic vesicles, allowing the bacteria to survive in the phagocyte. |
| Explain how extracellular enzymes, toxins, adhesion factors and antiphagocytic factors affect Virulence? | Extracellular enzymes- they dissolve structural chemicals in the body and help pathogen maintain infection and invade further into the body/ Toxins- Chemicals that harm tissues or trigger host immune responses that cause damage, toxemia./ Adhesion factors- Some pathogens can change the shape of their adhesions, not allowing ligands of the cells in the body to bind to them./ Antiphagocytic factors- bacterial capsules, that are slimy and unrecognizable by the host because it is composed of chemicals that are not recognized as foreign and Antiphagocytic chemicals- that prevent lysosomes from fusing with phagocytic vesicles, allowing the bacteria to survive in the phagocyte. |
| Define Toxemia. | A condition where toxins enter the bloodstream and are carried to other sites of the body away from the infection. |
| Many microorganisms secrete _____________ that are central to their pathogenicity in that they destroy host cells or interfere with host metabolism. | Exotoxins |
| _________ is a condition where toxins enter the bloodstream and are carried to other sites of the body away from the infection. | Toxemia |
| Define Toxemia. | A condition where toxins enter the bloodstream and are carried to other sites of the body away from the infection. |
| List and describe the 5 typical stages of infectious disease. | 1.) Incubation stage- the time between infection and the first signs/symptoms of the disease. (No signs or symptoms YET)/ 2.) Prodromal stage- short period of time with mild symptoms (muscle aches)./ 3.) Illness- Most severe signs and symptoms./ 4.) Decline- decrease in signs/symptoms./ 5.) Convalescence- no signs or symptoms. |
| In which stage stage of infectious disease does the host's immune response kill off the pathogen? | Decline Phase. |
| List and describe the 5 typical stages of infectious disease. | 1.) Incubation stage- the time between infection and the first signs/symptoms of the disease. (No signs or symptoms YET)/ 2.) Prodromal stage- short period of time with mild symptoms (muscle aches)./ 3.) Illness- Most severe signs and symptoms./ 4.) Decline- decrease in signs/symptoms./ 5.) Convalescence- no signs or symptoms. |
| T/F.? Incubation periods vary among infectious diseases. | True. |
| What portal of entry is airborne transmission most likely to occur from? | Respiratory mucous membrane. |
| Name the types of Contact Transmission and give examples. | Direct Contact Transmission- touching, kissing, intercourse./ Indirect Contact Transmission- Toys, money, bed sheets, toothbruches (inanimate objects)./ Droplet Transmission- Sneezing coughing. |
| If pathogens travel more than 1 meter in respiratory droplets, the mode of transmission is considered _______________. | Airborne transmission. |
| ___________ transmission is the spread of a pathogen from one host to another by direct contact, indirect contact or respiratory droplets. | Contact. |
| ___________ transmission is the spread of pathogens via air, water, food and bodily fluids being handled outside the body. | Vehicle. |
| Name the types of vehicle transmission. | Airborne transmission- the spread of pathogens farther than 1 meter./ Waterborne/ foodborne. |
| Name the 2 types of Vector transmissions. | Biological and Mechanical. |
| Define Innate immunity. | Resistance to pathogens by external (skin, mucous membranes) and internal (cells, chemicals) barriers. |
| Define Innate immunity. | Resistance to pathogens by external (skin, mucous membranes) and internal (cells, chemicals) barriers. |
| How does the skin prevent entry of pathogens? | It prevents entry of pathogens by the epidermis continually renewing itself so that bacteria is sloughed off with dead skin cells AND the presence of dendritic cells that phagocytize bacteria, Also the dermis layer of the skin contains collagen that is very tough. Sweat glands secrete antimicrobial peptides, salts and lysozymes (destroys the cell wall of bacteria). |
| What is the role of our normal microbiota in Innate Immunity? | Our normal microbiota use microbial antagonism, by competing with the pathogens. They do this by consuming nutrients, making them unavailable to pathogens and changing the pH to favor themselves and not pathogens. |
| Name the 5 types of Leukocytes and their basic roles in immunity. | Basophil- create an inflammatory response./ Neutrophil- phagocytize pathogens./ Eosinophils- Phagocytize pathogens./ Monocytes- phagocytize pathogens/ Lymphocytes- phagocytize. |
| Which leukocytes use diapedesis (the act of leaving the blood to attack microbes)? | Neutrophils and Eosinophils. |
| Name the 3 types of Lymphocytes. | T-cells, B-cells and Natural killer cells. |
| How do Non phagocytic cells kill microbes? | By secreting toxins, chemicals and enzymes. |
| _________ is the body's ability to recognize/mount an immune response against "known" invaders. | Adaptive immunity. |
| Define adaptive immunity. | The body's ability to recognize/mount an immune response to "known" invaders. |
| What are the 2 types of Lymphocytes in adaptive immunity? | T- lymphocytes and B- lymphocytes. |
| Humoral vs. Cellular Mediated Immunity. | Humoral uses B lymphocytes and Cellular Mediated uses T Lymphocytes. |
| What is the basic structure of an Immunoglobulin? | Y shaped with antigen binding sites at the top. From top to bottom is the arm, hinge, and then stem. (Also has a disulfide bond, heavy chain and light chain.) |
| MHC stands fro? How is it important in tissue transplant? | Major histocompatibility complex/ Important because it is how the body recognizes "self" from "nonself".. |
| What are the two categories of Immunodeficiency diseases (defective immune systems) and what are their characteristics? | Primary Immunodeficiency disease- Results from genetic or developmental defects and occurs in young children/infants.... Acquired Immunodeficiency disease- Develop as a direct consequence of some other recognized cause, develop later in life (cancer). Examples- Severe stress, Malnutrition and AIDS. |
| T/F.? Primary Immunodeficiency diseases occur later in life. | False (occurs in children and infants) |
| AIDS is not a single disease, but a ____________. | Syndrome. |
| Name 4 Opportunistic infections that are common in AIDS patients. | Herpes, Meningitis, Pneumonia, and Shingles. |
| What Characteristics of HIV challenge the immune system from defending the body against it? | Its a retrovirus with 2 copies of +ssRNA, Targets helper T-cells, dendritic cells, and muscle cells., Has Antigenic varaibility (gp120 glycoprotein structure changing), Induces formation of syncytia (clumps of cells, that help the virus evade the immune system.) |
| What type of RNA is HIV? | Enveloped +ssRNA |
| Why is HIV categorized as a retrovirus? | Because it uses Reverse Transcriptase to make a DNA copy of its genome. |
| Which cells in the immune system are the primary target of HIV? | Helper T cells. |
| What behaviors increase the risk of HIV infection? | Anal (especially receptive), Sexual promiscuity (sex w/ more than 1 partner), Intravenous drug use, and Sexual intercourse with anyone in the previously listed behaviors. |
| What is the likely Origin of the AIDS virus? | Likely arose from mutation of the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), found in African chimpanzees. |
| T/F.? Blood and semen are more infective than other secretions. | True |
| T/F? HIV has never been reported to be transmitted via saliva or sweat. | True |
| T/F.? Sub-Saharan Africa has the most reported incidences of AIDS, with 24.7 million. | True |
| What does HAART stand for? Does is cure AIDS? How can Individuals can slow the AIDS epidemic with numerous personal decisions? | Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy./ No, it only stops the replication of it, the disease still remains./ By Abstinence and safe sex, use of clean needles, screening of blood products, and administering AZT to infected pregnant women. |
| T/F.? Folliculitis is often called a pimple or Sty. | True. |
| T/F.? Carbuncles occur when multiple furuncles grow together? | True. |
| Name two species commonly found on the skin. | Staph. Aureus and Staph. epidermis |
| What microbe causes SSSS(Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome)?/ What are the signs and symptoms?/ What is the treatment? Prevention? | Staphylococcus Aureus/ Sloughing off of skin/ Antimicrobial drugs/ Prevention is difficult because Staph. Aureus is always on our skin. |
| T/F.? SSSS can be transmitted from person to person? | True |
| What microbe causes Impetigo? What are the signs and symptoms? What is the treatment? Prevention? | Staph. Aureus 80% of the time and Steptpcoccus Pyogenes 20%/ Vesicles and red patches are signs and symptoms./ Treatment with antimicrobials: clindamycin, amoxicillin and penicillin./ Good Hygiene. |
| What microbe causes Necrotizing fasciitis? What are the signs and symptoms? What is the treatment? Prevention? | Caused by S. pyogenes/ Sunburn like rash at site of infection/ Treated with Clindamycin and Penicillin./ None. |
| __________ is known as when a person has Impetigo and the skin infection spreads to surrounding lymph nodes and triggers pain and inflammation./ What microbe causes this infection? | Erysipelas/ Streptococcus Pyogenes. |
| What microbe causes Small Pox? What are the signs and symptoms? What is the treatment? Prevention? | Variola/ small red pustule bumps/ No current treatment, but a vaccine exists in the form of "cow pox"./ Immediate immunization of people who have been exposed. |
| _________ is known as Flesh eating strep. | Necrotizing fasciitis |
| Which human disease was the first to be eradicated globally in nature? | Small pox. |
| What microbe causes Herpes? What are the signs and symptoms? What is the treatment? Prevention? | Simplexivirus's- Human Herpes virus 1(above the waist/"close contact") and 2(below the waist, "sexual contact")/ Painful itchy skin lesions(muscle aches and fever)/ Topical applications of acyclovir/ reduce exposure to infected people and wear gloves. |
| What microbe causes Warts? What are the signs and symptoms? What is the treatment? Prevention? | Papillomavirus/ Bumps on skin/ freezing or burning/ difficult, but genital warts can be prevented by monogamy, abstinence or vaccine. |
| What Microbe causes Rubella? What are the signs and symptoms? What is the treatment? Prevention? | Rubivirus/Slightly swollen lymph nodes and mild red rash/ No treatment available/ Rubella vaccine for prevention. |
| What microbe causes Chickenpox? What are the signs and symptoms? What is the treatment? Prevention? | Varicella Zoster Virus/ slight fever and red bump lesions/ no treatment/ no prevention except getting a vaccine. |
| What microbe causes Rubeola (measles)? What are the signs and symptoms? What is the treatment? Prevention? | Morbillivirus/Fever, headache, sore throat, and Kopliks spots on mucous membranes of mouth, red patches form over the body and eventually turn brown./Treatment= Vitamin A, antibodies, and the antiviral drug ribavirin./ Prevention= MMR vaccine (Measles, Mumps and Rubella) |
| T/F.? Both Chickenpox and Shingles are caused by a type of herpes virus. | True |
| The herpes virus that causes both shingles and chickenpox is called______________. | Varicella Zoster Virus |
| Another name for measles is ____________. | Rubeola |
| German measles is known as _______________. | Rubella |
| _________ spots appear on the mucous membrane of the mouth and occurs in the disease called, __________. | Kopliks/measles. |
| Give 3 examples of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and how they cause disease. | Severe Stress- Suppression of cell-mediated immunity results from an excess production of corticosteroids, which is toxic to T cells./ Malnutrition- Inhibit production of B cells and T cells./ AIDS- |
| What does AIDS stand for? | Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrom |
| HIV virus uses _______ to clump up cells and evade the immune system. | Syncytia |
| Herpes is greek for _________. | To Creep |
| T/F? Rubella Virus is most dangerous to the unborn fetus? | True |
| T/F.? Mycoses are diseases caused by fungi. | True |
| Define the CNS. | The complex of nerve tissues that controls the activities of the body, the brain and the spinal cord. |
| __________ is the complex of nerve tissues that controls the activities of the body. | The CNS |
| Define the PNS. | The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord, that transfers commands from the CNS to muscles and glands. |
| __________ is the nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord, that transfers commands from the CNS to muscles and glands. | The PNS |
| What microbe(s) cause bacterial meningitis? What are the signs and symptoms? What is the treatment? Prevention? | Neisseria meningitis, streptococcus pnuemoniae, haemophilus influenzae, listeria monocytogenes and streptococcus agalactiae./ Signs- headache, vomiting, brain function loss- confusion, stiffness in neck./ Treated with many antibiotics/ |
| Name two ways in which bacteria can infect the Nervous system and what are the diseases. | They infect the cells of the nervous system- meningitis and leprosy/ Bacteria growing elsewhere but releases toxins that affect neurons- Botulism and Tetanus. |
| Another name for Leprosy is ______________. | Hansen's Disease. |
| What microbe(s) cause Hansen's Disease (Leprosy)? What are the signs and symptoms? What is the treatment? Prevention? | Mycobacterium leprae/ Loss of sensation in body parts and loss of tissue./ Treatment- Many Antimicrobial drugs./ Prevention- stay away from it! |
| What is the only known bacterium of peripheral nerves? | Mycobacterium leprae (Leprosy) |
| What microbe(s) cause Botulism? What are the signs and symptoms? What is the treatment? Prevention? | Clostridium botulinum/ Weak, dizzy, vomiting, muscle paralysis./ Treatment- Washing of intestinal tract to remove Clostridium , Administration of botulism immune globulin, Treatment with antimicrobial drugs./ Prevention- destroying endospores in contaminated food through proper canning techniques. |
| T/F.? Botulism is not an infection, but rather an intoxication. | True |
| What are the 3 forms of Botulism? Which is the most common form in the U.S? | Foodbourne, Wound, and Infant (the most common form) |
| What microbe causes Tetanus? What are the signs and symptoms? What is the treatment? Prevention? | Clostridium Tetani/ Muscle spams and contractions, lockjaw./ Almost impossible to treat/ Prevention- Immunization. |
| Tetanus is also known as ___________. | Lockjaw |
| Viral diseases of the nervous system include ..... | Meningitis, polio, rabies, and encephalitis. |
| What microbe causes Viral Meningitis? What are the signs and symptoms? What is the treatment? Prevention? | Enterovirus/ Headache, stiff neck, vomiting/ No treatment/ Hard to prevent because any enteroviruses because most infected people lack signs or symptoms. |
| T/F? Viral meningitis is more common than Bacterial or fungal meningitis, but is more mild. | True |
| What microbe(s) cause Poliomyelitis? What are the signs and symptoms? What is the treatment? Prevention? | Poliovirus (enterovirus)/ Paralysis/ No treatment/ Prevention- Salk vaccine(inactivated polio vaccine) and Sabin vaccine(Oral). |
| What disease may be the 2nd to be eradicated worldwide? | Polio virus |
| What microbe causes Rabies? What are the signs and symptoms? What is the treatment? Prevention? | Rabies virus (Rhabdovirus)/ Fever, headache, anorexia, hydrophobia, hallucinations, and paralysis./ 4 Vaccine shots/ Vaccinate animals. |
| T/F? Rabies is a zoonotic disease? | True |
| What microbe causes Arboviral encephalitis? What are the signs and symptoms? What is the treatment? Prevention? | Arbovirus/ Cold like symptoms and meningitis symptoms when crossing blood brain barrier./ no treatment, just supportive care/ Prevention- Stay away from mosquitoes. |
| What type of virus is West Nile? | Arbovirus |
| What microbe causes African Sleeping Sickness? What are the signs and symptoms? What is the treatment? Prevention? | Trypanosoma brucei (comes from fly bite)/ Parasites in the blood create fever, lymph node swelling, and headache/ Treatment includes various drugs that are administered based on how the disease has progressed; pantamidine, suramin; eflornithine (new and very expensive)/ prevention- insecticides, fly netting, window screening. |
| What type of viruses are spread by blood sucking arthropods? | Arboviruses. |
| Name two diseases that are caused by Protozoan infections. | African sleeping sickness and Meningoencephalitis. |
| A Prion is an infectious _________. | Protein. |
| What microbe causes Prion disease? What are the signs and symptoms? What is the treatment? Prevention? | Spongiform encephalopathies/ Holes in brain, delusional/ No treatment/ Prevention- dont eat infected cattle meat, especially of the spinal cord area or brain. |
| The Human diploid cell vaccine is used to treat _________. | Rabies. |
| T/F? African sleeping sickness is Not caused by a Protozoan. | False, It Is. |
| The most common cause of bacterial meningitis acquired by babies at birth is _________________. | Streptococcus Algalactiae. |
| ________ is known as the presence of microbial infection in the blood that causes infection. | Septicemia |
| Define Septicemia. | The presence of microbial infection in the blood that causes infection. |
| _________ is known as when septicemia leads to the infection of the lymphatic system, apparent by red streaks under the skin. | Lymphangitis |
| Define Lymphangitis. | When septicemia leads to the infection of the lymphatic system, apparent by red streaks under the skin. |
| Define Endocarditis. | Inflammation of the endocardium of the heart from bacterial infection. |
| __________ Is known as the inflammation of the endocardium of the heart from bacterial infection. | Endocarditis. |
| Define the Lymphatic system. | A body system that carries lymphatic vessels and lymph fluid toward the heart, a vital part of the immune system. |
| Exotoxins are released from ____________________. | Living microorganisms. |
| Endotoxins are released from _____________. | Gram Negative Bacteria. |
| Define Nosocromial. | An infection generated from a hospital. |
| What microbe causes Endocarditis? What are the signs and symptoms? What is the treatment? | Viridans streptococci/ Fever, fatigue, malaise, tachycardia/ Treat with intravenous antibacterial drugs. |
| What microbe causes the Bubonic Plague? What are the signs and symptoms? What is the treatment? Prevention? | Yersinia Pestis/ Swollen Lymph nodes/ Treated with various Antibiotics/ Prevention- Good hygiene, Rodent and flea control. |
| What microbe causes Lyme disease? What are the signs and symptoms? What is the treatment? Prevention? | Borrelia burgdorferi/ Red rash with bullseye, fever, stiff neck./ Antimicrobial drugs/ Stay away from ticks, use DEET. |
| ___________ is One of the most reported vector-borne diseases in U.S. | Lyme disease. |
| What 2 events has increased the occurrence of lyme disease? | People have moved to wooded areas and deer population is being protected. |
| What microbe causes Infectious Mononuclues? What are the signs and symptoms? What is the treatment? Prevention? | Human herpes Virus or Epstein Barr Virus/ Sever sore throat and fever with swollen lymph nodes./ Supportive care/ Difficult to prevent. |
| What microbe causes Yellow Fever? What are the signs and symptoms? What is the treatment? Prevention? | Flavivirus (comes from an Aedes mosquito)/ 1st stage- fever, headache, muscle aches. Stage 2- Period of remission. Stage 3- delirium, seizures, coma./ supportive care/ vaccine, stay away from mosquitoes. |
| What microbe causes Dengue fever? What are the signs and symptoms? What is the treatment? Prevention? | Dengue viruses 1,2,3,4 (mosquitoes)/ First phase – fever, edema, head and muscle pain. Second phase – return of fever and red rash./ No treatment/ Control of mosquitoes. |
| What is known as Bonebreak fever? | Dengue fever |
| What microbe causes Ebola? What are the signs and symptoms? What is the treatment? Prevention? | Ebolavirus (Filoviridae)/ fever, muscle aches, internal hemorrhage and bleeding from orifices./ Supportive care, anticoagulants/ preventing the spread of virus. |
| What microbe causes Streptococcal Pharyngitis(Strep throat)? What are the signs and symptoms? What is the treatment? Prevention? | Streptococcus/ Pain during swallowing, fever, headache./ Penicillin/ Antibodies. |
| What microbe causes Diphtheria? What are the signs and symptoms? What is the treatment? Prevention? | Cornybacterium diphtheriae/Sore throat, oozing fluid./Antitoxins and antibiotics/ Immunization. |
| Define Phagocytes. | Cells, often Leukocytes that are capable phagocytosis. |
| Define Pneumonia. | Inflammation of the lungs from an infection with streptococcus pnueumoniae. |
| Define Petechiae. | Subcutaneous hemorrhages. |
| Define Compliment proteins. | Proteins in the compliment system that are activated by pathogens to recognize self from non-self. |
| Define Antibody. | An Immunoglobulin that recognizes and neutralizes pathogens. |
| Define Antigen. | An infectious agent that triggers an immune response. |
| Define T lymphocyte. | A type of white blood cell that works in cell-mediated immunity that kill pathogens. |
| Define B lymphocyte. | A type of white blood cell that releases antibodies. Functions in humoral immunity. |
| Define Memory response. | The rapid immune response to a pathogen that the body has previously encountered. |
| Define Exfoliative Toxin. | Toxins of certain strains of Streptococcus Aureus that break down desmosomes in the skin, causing outer layers of the skin to slough off. |
| Define Impetigo. | Presence of red, pus filled vesicles on the face and limbs of children, caused by infection with Staphyl. Aureus or Strepto. Pyogenes. |
| Define Ringowrm. | A contagious itchy skin disease occurring in small circular patches, caused by fungi. |
| Define Meningitis. | Inflammation of the meninges in the brain and spinal cord, caused by bacteria, virus, fungi or protozoa. |
| Define Encephalitis. | Inflammation of the brain. |
