| A | B |
|---|
| Malleable | Metals that can be hammered or rolled into sheets |
| Ductile | Metals that can be drawn into water |
| Metallic Bonding | Positively charged metallic ions are surrounded by a "sea of electrons" |
| Radioactive Element | Breaks down and gives off particles, radiation, and large amounts of energy |
| Transition Elements | The elements in groups 3 and 12 of the periodic table, they are metals and have one or two electrons in their outer energy level; these metals are less active then those in groups 1 and 2 |
| Transuranium Element | Has an atomic number greater than 92 |
| Diatomic Molecule | Consists of two atoms of the same element |
| Sublimation | The process of a solid changing directly to a vapor without forming a liquid |
| Semiconductors | Substances that conduct an electric current under certain conditions |
| Allotropes | Are different forms of the same element having different molecular structures |
| Organic Compounds | Compounds that contain the element carbon; there are a few exceptions such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and carbonates. More than 90% of all compounds are organic compounds |
| Hydrocarbon | A compound made up of only carbon and hydrogen atoms |
| Saturated Hydrocarbons | Hydrocarbons containing single-bonded carbon atoms |
| Unsaturated Hydrocarbons | Hydrocarbons such as ethene and ethyne that contain double or triple bonds between carbon atoms |
| Isomers | Compounds that have identical chemical formulas but different molecular structures and shapes |
| Aromatic Compound | A compound that contains the benzene ring structure |
| Substituted Hydrocarbon | Has one or more of its hydrogen atoms replaced by atoms of other elements |
| Alcohol | Formed when OH groups replace one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon |
| Biomass | Refers to all animal and plant material, both dead and alive |
| Biogas | Is mainly methane, just like natural gas |
| Energy Farming | Involves growing plants for use as fuel |
| Gasohol | Is a combination of ethanol and gasoline |
| Polymers | Are huge molecules made of many smaller organic molecules that have formed new bonds and linked together |
| Proteins | Make up many of the tissues in your body, such as muscles and tendons, as well as hair and fingernails |
| Nucleic Acids | Are polymers that control the activities and reproduction of the cells |
| Carbohydrates | Are organic compounds in which there are twice as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms |
| Lipids | Fats, oils, and related compounds make up a group of organic compounds called lipids |
| Alloy | A mixture of a metal and one or more other metals |
| Amalgam | An alloy that contains mercury |
| Ores | Materials in Earth from which metals can be economically obtained |
| Ceramic | A material made from dried clay or clay like materials |
| Cermets | Materials designed and made to have properties of both ceramic alloys |
| Recycling | The recovering and processing of waste materials to regain them for human use |
| Plastic | A material made from synthetic polymers |
| Synthetic Fiber | A strand of a synthetic polymer |
| Composite | A mixture of two materials, one embedded in the other |
| Solute | The substance of a solution that is being dissolved |
| Solvent | The substance that dissolves the solute |
| Desalination | Any method that removes dissolved salts from ocean water to produce fresh water |
| Distillation | Water is evaporated from a solution |
| Solubility | Of a substance is the maximum number of grams of the substance that will dissolve in 100g of solvent at a certain temperature |
| Saturated Solution | A solution that has dissolved all the solute it can hold at any given temperature |
| Unsaturated Solution | Any solution that can dissolve more solute at a given temperature |
| Supersaturated Solution | Contains more solute than a saturated one has at that temperature |
| Dissociation | When an ionic solid in water, the positive and negative ions separate from one another |
| Ionization | When certain polar substances dissolve in water, the water pulls their molecules apart |
| Electrolyte | A substance that separates into ions or forms ions in a water solution |
| Nonelectrolyte | A substance whose water solutions are nonconducting |
| Chemical Reaction | Well defined example of a chemical change |
| Reactants | The substance you start with |
| Products | The new substances formed |
| Coefficients | Represent the relative amounts of atoms taking part in a reaction |
| Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's) | A group of compounds of chlorine, fluorine, and carbon |
| Balanced Chemical Equation | Has the same number of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation |
| Synthesis Reaction | Two or more substance combine two form another substance |
| Single Displacement Reaction | Occurs when one element replaces another in a compound |
| Decomposition Reaction | One substance brakes down, or decomposes, into twor or more simpler substances |
| Precipitate | An insoluble solid that settles out of a chemical reaction occurring in a liquid |
| Double Displacement Reaction | Takes place in precipitate, water, or a gas; forms when two ionic compounds in a solution are combined |
| Endothermic Reaction | A chemical reaction that required the addition of heat energy to proceed; thus the reaction absorbs heat from its surroundings |
| Exothermic Reaction | A chemical reaction that releases heat energy |
| Catalyst | A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without itself being permanently changed |
| Inhibitor | Any substance that slows down a reaction |
| Acid | A substance that produces hydrogen ions in solution |
| Indicator | An organic compound that changes color in an acid or a base |
| Dehydrating Agent | A substance that can remove water from materials |
| Pickling | A process in which oxides and other impurities are removed from metal surfaces by dipping the metals in hydrochloric acid |
| Base | A substance that produces hydroxide ions in solution |
| Hydronium Ion | The ion formed by the bonding of a hydrogen ion, to a water molecule |
| Strong acid | An acid that ionizes almost completely in solution |
| Weak acid | An acid that only partly ionizes in solution |
| Strong Base | One that dissociates almost completely in solution |
| Weak Base | One that only partly dissociates in solution |
| pH | A measure of the concentration of hydronium ions in a solution |
| Acid Rain | Any form of precipitation having a pH lower than 5.6 |
| Plankton | Tiny aquatic plants and animals |
| Neutralization | A chemical reaction between an acid and a base |
| Salt | A compound formed when the negative ions from an acid combine with the positive ions from a base |
| Titration | The process in which a solution of known concentration is used to determine the concentration of another solution |
| Soap | Organic salts |
| Saponification | The process of making soap |
| Ester | An organic compound formed by the reaction of an organic acid with an alcohol |
| Detergents | Organic salts having structures similar to those of soaps |
| Waves | Rhythmic disturbances that carry energy through matter or space |
| Medium | A material used through which a wave can transfer energy |
| Transverse Wave | The medium moves at right angles to the direction the wave travels |
| Crests | The highest point of a wave |
| Troughs | The lowest point of a wave |
| Wavelength | The distance between point on one wave and the same point on the next wave, such as from crest to crest or from trough to trough |
| Amplitude | The distance from the crest of a wave to the rest position of the medium |
| Frequency | The number of wave crests that pass one place each second |
| Compressional Wave | Matter vibrates in the same direction as the wave travels |
| Pitch | The highness or lowness of a sound |
| Intensity | Depends on the amount of energy in each wave |
| Loudness | The human perception of sound intensity |
| Noise Pollution | Includes sounds that are loud, annoying, or harmful to the ear |
| Music | Created using specific pitches and sound quality and by following a regular pattern |
| Noise | A kind of sound with no set pattern |
| Quality | Describes the differences among sounds of the same pitch and loudness |
| Resonance | A type of vibration |
| Interference | The ability of two or more waves to combine and form a new wave |
| Reverberation | An effect produced by many reflections of sound |
| Acoustics | The study of sound |
| Radiation | The transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves |
| Electromagnetic Spectrum | Electromagnetic waves are classified according to this |
| Photons | Tiny bundles of radiation that have no mass |
| Radio Waves | The kind of electromagnetic radiation with very long wavelength and very low frequency |
| Modulation | The process of varying radio waves |
| Microwaves | The radio waves with the highest frequency and energy |
| Infrared Radiation | Has a wavelength slightly longer than visible light |
| Visible Radiation | The only part of the electromagnetic spectrum you can see |
| Ultraviolet Radiation | Has a higher frequency than visible light, and as a result its photons are more energetic and have greater penetrating power |
| X-ray | Has a shorter wavelength and higher frequency than ultraviolet radiation |
| Gamma Rays | Has the highest frequency of all the electromagnetic waves |
| Opaque Materials | Absorb or reflect all light and you cannot see objects through them |
| Transparent Materials | Allow light to pass through and you can clearly see objects through them |
| Translucent Materials | Allow light to pass through but you cannot clearly see objects through them |
| Incandescent Light | Produced by heat |
| Fluorescent Light | Produces light without excessive loss of energy due to heat |
| Reflection | Occurs when a wave strikes an object and bounces off |
| Refraction | The bending of waves caused by a change in their speed |
| Diffraction | The bending of waves around their barrier |
| Diffraction Grating | A piece of glass or plastic made up of many parelell slits |
