| A | B |
|---|
| Canine Sniffs | The U.S. Supreme Court has said that having a canine that is trained to detect drugs, explosives, or other contraband sniff the exterior of luggage or vehicles in a public place does not amount to a search under the 4th amendment, and thus does not require any particularized suspicion. |
| Roadblock or Checkpoint Vehicle stops | You may not make random, arbitrary stops of automobiles on the public roadways. The U.S. Constitution permits highway checkpoints at which vehicles are stopped without individualized suspicion to check motorists for signs of drunken driving and to check motorists license, insurance, and registration. |
| Investigative Detention | If you have knowledge of specific facts that lead you to reasonably suspect that a person is involved in criminal activity, you may stop and briefly detain the person for questioning even without probable cause for an arrest. |
| Tips from Informers | Information from known criminals or ananymous sources must be corroborated. |
| Terry Stops | You can stop a suspect for a brief investigative detention even though you do not have sufficient cause to arrest him if: You have knowledge of facts that reasonably lead you to believe that the suspect is involved in criminal activity and you identify yourself as a police officer and make reasonable inquiries as to the suspect's conduct and his response to your stopping him and questioning him does not relieve your suspicions. |
| Terry Frisk | A frisk may not be a full search,Instaed it must be a carefully limited search of the suspect's outer clothing, aimed at discovering weapons. |
| Detention during execution of a warrant. | A warrant to search premises for evidence imlicitly authorizes you to detain the occupants for a reasonable time while a proper search is conducted. |
| Vehicle stop (occupants) | Once you have made a legal stop of a vehicle for a traffic offense, you automatically have the authority to order the occupants to stay inside or to exit the vehicle. |
