| A | B |
|---|
| ingestion | take food in |
| digestion | taking complex food and changing into simple food so the body can use it |
| absorption | taking digested food into the blood and cells |
| circulation | transporting food, gases, and water by the way of the blood |
| respiration | making ATP energy |
| assimilation | growing |
| excretion | removing wastes |
| secretion | producing hormones and enzymes |
| locomotion | movement |
| reproduction | making or bringing into existance an new organism |
| irritability | responce to a stimulus |
| regulation | contol of all life functions |
| eyepiece | part you look into to |
| bodytube | hold the eyepiece in place |
| low power objective | 4 or 10 x 100 total magnification |
| high power objective | 40 x400 total magnification |
| diaphragm | regulates the amount of light |
| stage | platform with a round opening over which a specimen is placed |
| mirror | light source |
| base | structure on which the microscope stands |
| coarse adjustment knob | rough focus used first |
| arm | used to carry a microscope |
| fine adjustment knob | used for final focusing a clear picture |
| clips | holds specimen in place found on the stage |
| inclination joint | scope can bend here |
| simple microscope | single pair of lenses |
| compound microscope | double pair of lenses |
| electron microscope | million times magnification |
| Phase Contrast Microscope | uses a dark background so that you observe unstained living cells |
| staining | makes cell parts stand out for easier observation |
| microdissection | used when removing the nucleus from cells |
| cell shape | related to its function |
| Janssen | first simple microscope |
| Leeuwenhoek | 270 x magnifying simple microscope |
| Hooke | named the cell in 1665 |
| Brown | named the nucleus |
| Purkinje | named protoplasm |
| Schleiden | all plants are made up of cells |
| Schwann | all animals are made of cells |
| Virchow | all cells come from already existing cells |
| nuclear membrane | semipermeabel membrane which surrounds the nucleus |
| chromosomes | contain genes and heredity |
| nucleoplasm | another name for protoplasm in the nucleus |
| nucleolus | nucleus within the nucleus controls making RNA which carries information from the nuclueus to another organelle |
| cell membrane | surrounds the outside of an animal cell |
| pinocyte | indentation in a cell membrane that can ingest protein |
| endoplamic reticulum-ER | cell's highway system |
| ribosomes | protein synthesis which means to build up larger materials from smaller ones |
| golgi bodies | parallel sacs of membranes that sore protein made at the ribosomes |
| lysosomes | sites of chemical digestion that uses digestive enzymes |
| vacuoles | fluid filled sacs that sore water and wastes |
| mitochondria | sausage shaped power station that buns fuel |
| cytoplasm | protoplasm inside the cell storage and working area of the cell |
| centrosome | found in animal cells plays a role in reproduction |
| centrioles | 2 centrioles found in the centrosome |
| cell wall | extra protective covering surrounding the cell of a plant |
| chloroplasts | found only in green plants sites of photosynthesis |
| pseudopods | helps the Ameba ingest food |
| macronucleus | used for regulation in a Parmecia |
| trichocysts | used for paralyzing prey and protection in a Paramecia |
| micronucleus | used for reproduction in a Paramecia |
| contractile vacuoles | remove excess water in an Ameba |
| food vacuole | to ingest food in a Paramecia |
| flagellum | helps the Euglena move through the water |
| eyespot | the Euglena uses this structure to detect light |
| cilia | helps a Paramecia move |
| skeleton | bones that support, movement, protection, minerals and produce blood cells |
| ligaments | strong bands of connective tissue |
| cartilage | pads of smooth elastic connective tissue found between bones |
| calcium and phosphorus | needed in strong bones |
| sutures | wavy lines in the cranium where bones are joined |
| cranium | eight broad thine bones that contain the brain |
| immoveable joints | joints that do not permit movement, suture joints of the skull, fused bones of the sacrum and coccyx |
| spinal column | is t he backbone and the central support of the body |
| vertebrae | flexible column of bones that make up the spinal column |
| pelvic girdle | 2 pelvic or hip bones where your legs are attached |
| sternum | supports the chest wall and serves as an attachmet for muscles |
| true ribs | top 7pair of ribs that are connected directly to the sternum |
| false ribs | the bottom 5 pair of ribs that do not connect directly to t he sternum |
| floating ribs | bottom 2 pair that do not attach in front |
| pectoral girdle | the shoulder girdle where your arms are attached |
| movable joints | permit movement |
| joints | place where 2 bones meet |
| tendons | connect skeletal muscle to bone |
| frontal lobe | forehead |
| parietal bone | top of skull |
| temporal bone | temples above the ears |
| zygomatic bone | cheek bones |
| sphenoid | behind the eyes |
| nasal | nose |
| maxilla | upper jaw |
| mandible | lower jaw |
| clavicle | collarbones |
| scapula | shoulder blades |
| sternum | chest |
| humerous | upper arm |
| radius | lower arm |
| ulna | lower arm |
| carpals | wrist |
| metacarpals | palm |
| phalanges | fingers and toes |
| ribs | chest |
| femur | upper leg |
| patella | kneecap |
| tibia | large shin bone |
| fibula | small shin bone |
| tarsals | ankle |
| metatarsals | sole |
| occipital | back of the skull |
| cervical | 7 bones in the neck |
| thoracic vertebrae | 12 have a pair of ribs attached |
| lumbar vertebrae | 5 lower back |
| sacrum | 5 fused into one bone attached to the pelvis |
| coccyx | tailbone |
| ball and socket joint | hip and shoulder |
| hinge joint | knee and elbow |
| pivot joint | base of the skull |
| gliding joints | wrist and ankle |
| mechanical digestion | breaking food down by the teeth |
| chemical digestion | breaking food down to a simpler form by the use of chemicals |
| carbohydrates | source of energy for the body breaks down into simple sugars |
| proteins | used to replace worn out and damaged tissue or build new tissue |
| amino acids | glycerol and proteins are broken down into these |
| lipids | fats |
| fatty acids | fats are broken down into these |
| enzymes | used as chemical aids in breaking down food |
| mastication | breaking food apart by the teeth |
| salivary glands | parotid glands in front of the ears, sublingual below the tongue, submaxillary near the corner of the jaw bone |
| ducts | tube where a liquid is carried |
| pharynx | throat |
| uvula | flap like projection in the back of the mouth that closes off the opening to the nose |
| epiglottis | closes off the opening to the lungs |
| esophagus | takes the food from the throat to the stomach |
| peristalsis | wave like muscle movements that push the food to the stomach |
| mucus | coats the stomach |
| stomach | j-shaped sac lying in the abdomen under the diaphragm that stores food |
| gastric juice | water, mucus, hydrochloric acid and pepsin begins the digestion of proteins |
| chyme | food that is semi-liquid |
| duodenum | upper 10 inches of the small intestine where liquids from the liver and pacreas enter to aid digestion |
| small intestine | most important part of the digestive system final breakdown of food and the digested food enters the blood |
| liver | largest gland in the body |
| bile | produced by the liver it separates fats and oils into droplets |
| gall bladder | a sac under the liver that stores bile |
| pancreas | fish shaped gland in the back of the stomach that produces the hormone insulin and pancreatic juice |
| pancreatic juice | exnzymes trypsin -breakds proteins into smaller molecules, amylase-starch to sugar, lipase converts fats to fatty acids and glycerol |
| villi | digested food passes from the small intestine into the blood stream through finger like projection of the wall |
| large intestine | the elimination of wastes and the absorption of water |
| appendix | attached to the large intestine that fills with wastes |
| fecal matter | semi-solid waste material |
| rectum | the lower end of the large intestine |
| anus | opening from which waste is eliminated from the body |
| six food groups | water, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, and proteins |
| respiration | a gaseous exchange between a living organism and its environment |
| breathing | external respiration a mechanical process that occurs in 2 stages, inhalation and exhalation |
| internal respiration | in the cells food + oxygen=carbon dioxide + water + energy |
| inhalation | air is drawn into the lungs |
| exhalation | air leaves the lungs |
| diaphragm | a thin membrane like muscle which forms the floor of the chest cavity |
| intercostals muscles | muscles attached to the ribs which aid in breathing |
| trachea | lead from the throat to the lungs |
| medulla oblongata | part of the brain that regulates the breathing rate |
| nasal cavity | most important part of the nose that is located above the roof of the mouth |
| mucus | traps smaller particles as air passes into the nose |
| cilia | hairs that trap large particles |
| pharynx | throat |
| adenoids and tonsils | masses of lymphatic tissue in your nose and throat |
| esophagus | tube that leads to the stomach |
| larynx | voice box |
| glottis | at the upper end of the larynx a slit running front to back |
| epiglottis | a valve that closes off the glottis when you swallow |
| sinuses | cavities within the skull that drain into the nasal cavity |
| bronchi | 2 tubes that the trachae divides into that goes into the lungs |
| bronchiole | the bronchi divide filling each lung with a network of tiny tubes |
| alveolus | at the end of each bronchiole tube is an expansible air sac where the exchange of gases takes place |
| plasma | a liquid in which the blood cells float is about 92% water |
| red blood cells | Erthrocytes contains hemoglobin which carries oxygen to the body cells and carbon dioxide to the lungs |
| bone marrow | where blood cells are made |
| white blood cells | Leukocytes, help to fight infection |
| platelets | the smallest and most mumerous that aid in clotting |
| fibrin | threads of protein that help to clot a wound |
| heart | a muscular pump which circulates blood throughout the body and is divided into 4 chambers |
| atria | also known as auricles upper two smalle chambers of the hear |
| ventricles | 2 lower chambers of the heart |
| septum | muscular wall that seperates the right from the left side of the hear |
| valves | separate the atria from the ventricles and keep blood from flowing in the wrong direction |
| systemic circulation | pumping the blood from the heart to the body cells and back again |
| hemoglobin | iron-rich substance found in red blood cells |
| pulmonary circulation | pumping blood from the heart to the lungs and back again |
| closed circulatory system | blood is pumped out from theheart and is restricted to blood vessels |
| open circulatory system | blood flows freely into spacs around the body tissues |
| arteries | take blood away from the heart |
| veins | take blood to the heart |
| capillaries | connect arteries to veins |
| aorta | larges blood vessel in the body |
| subclavian artery | supplies blood to the arms |
| carotid arteries | carry blood to the head |
| jugular vein | carry blood to the heart from the head |
| renal artery | take blood to the kidneys where wastes are removed |
| coronary arteries | give nouishment to the heart |
| pulmonary artery | carry oxygen poor blue blood from the heart to the lungs |
| pulmonary veins | carry oxygen rich red blood from the lungs to the heart |
| superior vena cava | jugular veins join the veins from the arms to the heart |
| inferior vena cava | veins from the legs head back to the heart |
| iliac arteries | supply blood to the legs |
| neuron | nerve cell |
| dendrites | fibers which bring messages to the cell body |
| axon | carries messages away from the cell body |
| myelin sheath | a white fatty covering that insulates the neuron and keeps the message from shorting on to the wrong wire |
| synapse | a space between neurons that act like a wone way valve |
| reflex arc | the impulse is turned back to a location where it started |
| sensory neuron | carry messages from the sense organs to the spinal cord and brain |
| associative neuron | found in the brain and spinal cord they connect thesensory neurons to the motor neurons |
| receptor | receives messages and sends them to the spinal cord and the brain |
| motor neurons | carry messages to the muscle causing movement or gland causing excretion |
| cerebrum | forms the top of the brain that allows a person to think |
| voluntary | you can control the action |
| cerebellum | part of the brain that coordinates the muscles of the body |
| medulla | lower part of the brain connects the spinal cord and regulates respiration, heart beat, and digestion |
| involuntary | you can't control it |
| cranial nerves | 12 pair of peripheral nerves which connect directly to the brain - sight , smell, taste, balance |
| peripheral nervous system | connects the central nervous system to all the other parts of the body 43 pairs of large nerves |
| epidermis | upper part of the skin |
| dermis | lower part of the skin |
| sebaceous glands | glands that secret oil for hair and skin |
| sweat gland | sweat or perspiration is excreted onto the skin through the glands |
| nephron | structures in the kidneys that filter the blood |
| Bowman's Capsule | a hollow double-walled funnel that sourrounds the glomerulus |
| malphigian tubule | attached to a Bowman's capsule and part of the nephron |
| filitration | a device through which liquid passes through and impurities are removed |
| reabsorption | absorb back into |
| urea | nitrogenous waste |
| urine | water, salt, and nitrogenous waste urea |
| ureter | a small tube that extends down from the kidney to the urinary bladder |
| urinary bladder | storage sac that fills with urine |
| urethra | tube through which urine empties to the outside |
| kidney | 2 bean shaped organs located on either side of the lower back which remove liquid wated from the blood. |
