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| Protist- | any eukaryote that is not a plant, animal, or fungus. |
| what is a capsid and what does it do | A capsid is the outer layer of a virus. It enables the virus to enter the host cell |
| Difference between Eubacteria and archaebacteria | Archaebacteria lack peptidoglycan, a carbohydrate found in the cell walls of eubacteria, and their membrane lipids are different. Also, the DNA sequences of key archaebacterial genes are more like those of eukaryotes than those of eubacteria |
| The most important nonspecific defense is the | skin |
| Phytoplankton- | population of algae and other small photosynthetic organisms found near the surface of the ocean and forming part of plankton. |
| Difference between lyctic and lysogenic Cycles? | In a lytic infection, a virus enters a cell, makes copies of itself, and causes the cell to burst. In a lysogenic infection, the viral DNA enters a host cell and inserts itself into the host’s DNA. |
| what causes asthma and how is asthma different from allergies? | Asthma is a reaction in which smooth muscle contractions reduce the size of air passageways in the lungs and make breathing very difficult. It isn’t an allergy because a specific substance does not cause it. |
| Germ Theory of Disease- | A theory that infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms, or germs. |
| What are and what causes red tides | Great blooms of dinoflagellates cause red tide. This species produce potentially dangerous toxins. They also give the affected water a red tint. |
| Vaccination- | injection of a weakened of mild form of a pathogen to produce immunity |
| What is Gram Staining | Prokaryotes can be identified by the chemical natures of thief cell walls. When treated with Gram stain, Gram-positive bacteria appear purple. Gram-negative bacteria appear pink. |
| Examples of the bodys nonspecific defense | The body’s most important nonspecific defense is the skin. The mucus in the nose and throat traps viruses and bacteria and cilia push them away from the lungs. Stomach acids and digestive enzymes are capable of destroying many pathogens. Saliva, sweat, and tears contain lysozyme, an enzyme that breaks down the cell walls of many bacteria. |
| Antibiotics- | compounds that block the growth and reproduction of bacteria. The immune system is the body’s primary defense against pathogens. It consists of nonspecific and specific defenses against infection. Nonspecific defenses are the fortress walls of the system. They keep everything out and guard against all infections. Specific defenses work like security guards. They track down harmful pathogens that have managed to break through the body’s nonspecific defenses. |
| Vector- | animal that carries disease-causing organisms from person to person. The Anopheles mosquito may be a carrier of the protist that causes malaria. Deer ticks are carriers of Lyme disease. |
| Taxonomy- | discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name. |
| How do you get Malaria | The Anopheles mosquito may be a carrier of the protist that causes malaria |
| The three domains are | the domain Bacteria, which corresponds to the kingdom Eubacteria; the domain Archaea, which corresponds to the kingdom Archaebacteria; and the domain Eukarya, which is composed of protists, fungi, plants, and animals. |
| The bodies of multi-cellular fungi | are composed of many hyphae tangled together into a thick mass called a mycelium. |
| Some uses of Algae | Algae produce most of Earth’s oxygen and provide us with many different types of food. |
| Pathogen- | disease-causing agent, such as a bacterium or fungus. Viruses cause all the common cold, influenza, chicken pox, and measles. Bacteria cause tuberculosis, meningitis, cholera, and tetanus. Protists cause the African sleeping sickness, malaria, and amoebic dysentery. Worms cause schistosomiasis and beef tapeworms. Fungi cause athlete’s foot and ringworm. |
| Mycelium- | many hyphae tangled together into a thick mass; comprises the bodies of multi-cellular fungi |
| Bread mold looks like | The mold that infects bread is Rhizopus stolonifer. To the naked eye the infected area has dark fuzz. Under a magnifying glass, you can see tangles of delicate hyphae. |
| Some uses of fungi | Yeasts, the only type of unicellular fungi, are used for baking and brewing. It is also used for alcoholic fermentation. |
| What causes human ringworms | Ringworm is caused when a fungus infects areas of the body, excluding the foot. A worm does not cause it. |
| Is it safe to eat wild mushrooms | It is not safe to eat wild mushrooms because many of them are poisonous. Poisonous mushrooms look very similar to nonpoisonous mushrooms. |
| Plant | a multi-cellular photosynthetic autotroph that have cell walls containing cellulose |
| Xylem & Phloem- | Xylem vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant. Phloem-vascular tissue responsible for the transport of nutrients and the carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis. |
| Difference between annuals and perrenials | Annual-flowering plant that completes a life cycle within one growing season. Perennials-flowering plant that lives for more than two years. |
| The type of plants that lives the longest is the | perrenials |
| Difference between Monocots and Dicots | Monocot-angiosperm whose seeds have one cotyledon. Dicot-angiosperm whose seeds have two cotyledons. |
| Taproot- | the primary root found in some plants that grows longer and thicker than other roots. An example is a carrot. |
| Thin ring layer on tree must meen? | The thin ring layer indicates approximately one year and how much water it got that year. |
| Stoma | opening in the underside of a leaf that allows carbon dioxide and oxygen to diffuse into and out of the leaf. |
| Difference between male and female reproductive organbs in flowering plants | The presence of an ovary gives angiosperms their name. |
| The name of a ripened ovary with seeds is a | fruit |
| common traits organisms in kingdom of annimalia have? | Animals, members of the Animalia, are multi-cellular, eukaryotic heterotrophs whose cells lack cell walls. |
| what % of organisms are invertebrates | 95% of all animals are invertebrates |
| 3 germ layers flatworms have | Flatworms are the simplest animals to have three embryonic germ layers-ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. |
| Sponge | multi-cellular, heterotrophic, have no cell walls, and contains few specialized cells. |
| Cnidarians | soft-bodied, carnivorous animals that has stinging tentacles arranged in circles around their mouths. They are the simplest animals to have body symmetry and specialized tissues. Nematocyst-stinging structures within each cnidocyte of a cnidarian that is used to poison or kill prey. |
| Polyp and Medusa | Polyp-usually sessile stage of the life cycle of a cnidarian that has a cylindrical body with arm-like tentacles. Medusa-motile stage of the life cycle of a cnidarian that has a bell-shaped body. |
| Nerve Net | loosely organized network of nerve cells that together allow cnidarians to detect stimuli. |
| Differnce between statocyst and nematocyst | Nematocysts are in cnidarians and statocysts are not. |
| Ganglion- | group of nerve cells |
| Eyespot | group of cells that can detect changes in the amount of light in the environment. |
| Bilateral symmetry verses radial body symmetry | Bilateral symmetry-body plan in which only a single, imaginary line can divide the body into two equal halves; characteristic of worms, arthropods, and chordates. Radial symmetry-body plan in which body parts repeat around the center of the body; characteristic of sea anemones and sea stars. |
| Why do most flatworms have a simple digestive system | Because flatworms are thin and most of their cells are close to the external environment, materials can pass easily into and out of their bodies. |
| Scolex | head of an adult tapeworm; can contain suckers or hooks. |
| How can you get roundworms | Roundworms are transmitted to humans by being bitten by an infected insect, eating unwashed vegetables or other foods, or walking in soil without something covering feet. |
| Digestive system of the annelids | Carnivorous annelids use two or more sharp jaws that are used to attack prey. Annelids that feed on decaying vegetation use sticky mucus to collect the food. Others obtain their food by filter feeding. |
| Clitellum | band of thickened, specialized segments in annelids that secretes a mucus ring into which eggs and sperm are released |
| leeches are used for | Medicinal leeches were once used routinely to attempt to treat conditions ranging from headaches to mental illness to obesity. Doctors believed that the excess of blood caused diseases, so they applied leeches to the patient’s skin to remove blood from the body. |
| Compare and contrast all 3 main groups of mullusks | Gastropods are shell-less of single-shelled mollusks that move by using a muscular foot located on the ventral side. Members of the class Bivalvia have two shells that are held together by one or two powerful muscles. Cephalopods are typically sort-bodied mollusks in which the head is attached to a single foot. The foot is divided into tentacles or arms. |
| Cephalization- | concentration of sense organs and nerve cells at the front of an animal’s body. |
| Why do arthropods molt? | When arthropods outgrow their exoskeletons, they undergo periods of molting |
| How can you distinguish between an insect and a spider | Chelicerae have mouthparts called chelicerae and two body sections, and nearly all have four pairs of walking legs. Insects have a segmented body, a tough exoskeleton, and jointed appendages. |
| How are arthropods classified? | Arthropods have a segmented body, a tough exoskeleton, and jointed appendages. |
| What are the main sections of the body parts of an insect? | The main body sections for arthropods are the head, thorax, and abdomen. |
| how do Echinoderms move? | Most echinoderms move using tube feet and thin layers of muscle fibers attached to their endoskeleton. Sand dollars and sea urchins have movable spines attached to the endoskeleton. Sea stars and brittle stars have flexible joints that enable them to use their arms for locomotion. In sea cucumbers, the plates of the endoskeleton are reduced and contained inside a soft, muscular body wall. These echinoderms crawl along the ocean floor by the combined action of tube feet and muscles of the body wall. |
| What type of circulatory system do mullosks have? | Mollusks have an open circulatory system. |
| Homeostasis- | process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment. |
| main function of circulatory system | The main function of the circulatory system is to provide the body with nutrients that are essential. |
| What are rods and cones | Cone-in the retina of the eye, a photoreceptor that responds to light of different colors, producing color vision. Rod-photoreceptor in eye that is extremely sensitive to light. |
| Compare and contrast stimulants and depressants | Stimulant-drug that speeds up the actions regulated by the nervous system. Depressant-drug that decreases the rate of functions regulated by the brain. |
| Neurotransmitter- | chemical used by a neuron to transmit an impulse across a synapse to another cell. |
| The three main parts of the brain | the cerebrum, cerebellum, and the medulla oblongata. Cerebrum-area of the brain responsible for all voluntary activities of the body. Cerebellum-region of the brain that coordinates body movements. Medulla oblongata-connects the brain to the spinal cord. |
| LArgest sense organs in humans | Touch is the largest sense organ in the body. |
| Humans have ____ different organ systems. | 11 |
| Cells-tissues-organs-organ systems | This is an example of the organization in a multi-cellular organism. |
| ___ of homicides are due to the abuse of alcohol | 1/3 |
| The brain | the main switching area of the central nervous system-helps to relay messages, process information, and analyze information. The brain consists of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. |
| Semicircular canals- | one of three structures within the inner ear that help an organism maintain balance. |
| What happens if you listen to loud music for along time? | It can damage the ears. |
| The hypothalamus controls | hunger, anger, and language ability |
| The spinal cord- | the major nerve pathway to and from the brain-is protected by the vertebral column and meninges. |
| The nutrients that the body needs are | water, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals. |
| Food pyramid suggests? | The Food Guide Pyramid illustrates the main characteristics of a balanced diet. Carbohydrate-rich foods should make up the major portion of the diet, whereas foods containing fats and sugars should be eaten sparingly. |
| what % of your body is water? | Water makes up about 75% of our body. |
| What happens when you become dehydrated | Dehydration occurs when enough water is not taken in to replace that which was lost. This condition leads to problems with the circulatory, respiratory, and nervous systems. |
| Pancreas | gland that produces hormones that regulate blood sugar; enzymes that break down carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids; and sodium bicarbonate, a base that neutralizes stomach acid. |
| Liver and Gall Bladder | large organ just above the stomach that produces bile, a fluid loaded with lipids and salts. The gall bladder stores all bile produced by the liver. It is located just below the liver. |
| difference between mechanical and chemical digestion. | Mechanical digestion is when force is used to help digest food. Chemical digestion is when acids and enzymes are used to break apart food |
| Some of the main enzymes used in digestion? | Salivary amylase, pepsin, amylase, trypsin, lipase, maltase, sucrase, lactase, and peptidase are all enzymes used in digestion. |
| Process of how food digested in body? | The function of each organ of the digestive system is to help convert foods into simpler molecules that can be absorbed and used by the cells of the body. |
| Difference between digestive and excretory system? | The function of each organ of the digestive system is to help convert foods into simpler molecules that can be absorbed and used by the cells of the body. Together, the skin, lungs, and kidneys-along with their associated organs-make up the excretory system. |
| what do kidneys do? | The two kidneys are the main organs of the excretory system. Nephrons are the functioning unit in the kidneys. Each nephron has a network of capillaries called a glomerulus, which is enclosed in a cup-shaped capsule. The fluid filtered from the blood flows through a long tubule into a collecting duct. |
| What is dialysis? | For people with damaged kidneys, dialysis machines can perform many of the functions of the kidneys. |
| how is a frogs digestive system differ from humans? | Amphibians have a cloaca instead of anuses. Otherwise, their digestive system is similar to that of humans. |
| Main parts of the heart? | The structures of the heart are the superior vena cava, pulmonary veins, the pulmonary valve, the tricuspid valve, the inferior vena cava, the aorta, pulmonary arteries, the aortic valve, and the mitral valve. The superior vena cava is a large vein that brings oxygen-poor blood from the upper part of the body to the right atrium. The pulmonary veins bring oxygen-rich blood from each of the lungs to the left atrium. The pulmonary valve prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle after has entered the pulmonary artery. The tricuspid valve prevents blood from flowing back into the right atrium after it has entered the right ventricle. The inferior vena cava is a vein that brings oxygen-poor blood from the lower part of the body to the right atrium. The aorta brings oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to the body. The pulmonary arteries bring oxygen-poor blood to the lungs. The aortic valve prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle after it has entered the aorta. The mitral valve prevents blood from flowing back into the left atrium after it has entered the left ventricle. |
| How does blood flow through your heart? | The heart functions as two separate pumps. The right side of the heart pumps blood from the heart to the lungs. |
| Valves | -flap of connective tissue between an atrium and a ventricle, or in a vein, that prevents backflow of blood. |
| The symptoms of a heart attack and a stroke | nausea, shortness of breath, and severe, crushing chest pain. People who show these symptoms need immediate medical attention. The symptoms of a stroke depend on what part of the brain they affect. Possible symptoms are paralysis, loss of the ability to speak, and even death. |
| How to avoid heart problems | Exercise, weight control, sensible diet, and not smoking are the keys to avoiding cardiovascular disorders. |
| Arteries and veins | Arteries-large blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the tissues of the body. Vein-a blood vessel that returns blood to the heart. |
| what regulates blood pressure? | The brain stem regulates blood pressure. |
| what is adema, hypertension, atherosclerosis | Edema-a swelling of the tissues due to the accumulation of excess fluid, can occur when lymphatic vessels are blocked due to injury or disease. Hypertension-increases the risk of heart attack and stroke. Atherosclerosis-condition in which fatty deposits called plaque builds up on the walls of the arteries. |
| What controls breathing | The brain stem is in control of breathing. |
| Respiration | the process by which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between cells, the blood, and air in the. |
| what can cause emphesema, lung cancer, and bronchitius? | SMOKING |
| How can you help someone to stop smoking? | Have them cut down on how much they smoke a day and remove objects from their home that remind them of smoking. |
