| A | B |
|---|
| Basic industries | Industries that sell their products or services primarily to consumers outside the settlement. |
| Bid-rent theory | Geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance to the Central Business District increases. |
| Business services | Services that primarily meet the needs of other businesses, including professional, financial, and transportation services. |
| Central business district | The area of a city where retail and office activities are clustered. |
| Central place | A market center for the exchange of services by people attracted from the surrounding area. |
| Central place theory | A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people |
| Christaller, Walter | He created the Central Place Theory to explain how services are distributed and why there are distinct patterns in this distribution. |
| City | Conglomeration of people and buildings clustered together to serve as a center of politics, culture, and economics. |
| City-state | A sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland. |
| Clustered rural settlement | A rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each other and fields surround the settlement. |
| Colonial city | Cities founded by foreign powers. |
| Consumer services | Businesses that provide services primarily to individual consumers, including retail services and education, health, and leisure services. |
| Dispersed rural settlement | A rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages. |
| Economic base | A community's collection of basic industries. |
| Elongated settlement | A settlement that is clustered linearly along a street, river, etc. |
| Employment structure | Graph showing how primary, secondary, and tertiary sector jobs are separated. |
| Enclosure movement | The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century. |
| Gravity model | A model that holds that the potential use of a service as a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service. |
| High-tech corridors | Areas along or near major transportation arteries that are devoted to the research, development, and sale of high-technology products. These areas develop because of the networking and synergistic advantages of concentrating high-technology enterprises in close proximity to one another; Silicon Valley. |
| Hydraulic civilization | A civilization based on large-scale irrigation systems as the prime mover behind urbanization, with a class of technical specialists. |
| Indigenous city | A center of population, commerce, and culture that is native to a place. |
| Informal Sector | Economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government; and is not included that government's Gross National Product. |
| Market area/hinterland | The area surrounding a central place, from which people are attracted to use the place's goods and services. |
| Medieval cities | Cities that developed in Europe during the Middle Ages, containing such unique features as extreme density of development with narrow buildings, winding streets, ornate churches, and high walls surrounding the city center. |
| Multiplier effect | The expect addition of nonbasic workers and their dependents to a city's local employment and population that accompanies new basic sector employment. |
| Nonbasic industries | Industries that sell their products primarily to consumers in the community. |
| Nucleated settlement | A compact, closely-packed settlement sharply demarcated from adjoining farmland. |
| Primate city | The largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement. |
| Primate city rule | A pattern of settlements in a country such that the largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second -ranking settlement. |
| Public services | Services offered by the government to provide security and protection for citizens and businesses. |
| Range (of a service) | The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service. |
| Rank-size rule | A pattern of settlements in a country such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement. |
| Service | Any activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to those who provide it. |
| Settlement | A permanent collection of buildings and inhabitants. |
| Social structure | The differentiation of society into classes based on wealth, power, production, and prestige. |
| Specialization | Development of skills in a specific kind of work. |
| Threshold | The minimum number of people needed to support the service. |
| Town | A municipality smaller than a city. |
| Underemployment | A situation in which people work less than full time even though they would prefer to work more hours. |
| Urban hearth area | A region in which the world's first cities evolved. |
| Urban hierarchy | A ranking of settlements (hamlet, village, town, city, metropolis) according to their size and economic functions. |
| Urbanization | An increase in the percentage of the number of people living in urban settlements. |
| World city | Dominant city in terms of its role in the global political economy; not necessarily biggest, but rather centers of strategic control of the world's economy. |
