| A | B |
|---|
| Methods of Studying Human Genetics | Population sampling, pedigree studies |
| Twin Studies | determines the effects of genetics vs. environment on identical twins |
| Fraternal twins | Two eggs are fertilized at the same time. The twins are siblings that are born at the same time |
| Identical twins | One fertilized egg divides in two, the twins have identical DNA |
| Pedigree Studies | a family record showing how a trait is inherited over several gernerations |
| Dominant disorder | Huntington's Disease, achondroplasia |
| Recessive disorder | Cystic Fibrosis, galactosemia, albinism, Tay-Sach's |
| Codominant Trait | both traits show up equally; sickle cell disease |
| Sickle Cell Disease | AA-normal;A'A'-lethal,AA'-heterozygote likely to survive malaria |
| Multiple Alleles | Controlled by 3 or more alleles |
| Blood Types | A,B,AB,O |
| Universal Donor | Type O can be received by all blood types |
| Polygenic | Traits that are controlled by many genes |
| Autosomes | all chromosomes except sex chromosomes |
| Sex-linked traits in humans | genes on the X chromosome but not on the Y, like hemophilia/colorblindeness |
| XX | Female |
| XY | Male |
| Incomplete dominance | the heterozygote phenotype is in between the parent phenotypes |
