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| Introduction | The first paragraph of an essay. This contains a hook and a thesis statement. It sets up the tone and direction for the rest of the essay. |
| Hook | The hook comes at the beginning of the introduction. It gets the reader’s attention. Some possible hooks are quotations, metaphors, stories, statistics, interesting facts that relate. While a rhetorical question can be a hook, it is hard to do well. |
| Transition | A word or phrase that connects one idea to another. |
| Thesis | The thesis statement is in the introduction. It is the argument—what you’ll be proving or discussion—in the rest of your essay. |
| Evidence | Facts, quotes, paraphrased ideas, or reasoning that support an author’s claims in an essay. |
| Conclusion | The final paragraph of an essay. It should leave the reader with a final thought on the topic. It should not simply repeat the thesis statement. |
| Argumentative Writing | writing that is meant to persuade the audience, to influence the audience’s opinions |
| Informative Writing | non-fiction writing meant to inform, explain, give information, or to describe. |
| Narrative Writing | non-fiction or fiction, for the purpose of telling a story. |
| Summary | a summary states the main ideas of a text. It is shorter than the original text. |
| Paraphrase | A paraphrase is restating an idea in different words. It is of similar length to the original text. |
| Direct Quote | Using someone else’s exact words in your writing. Direct quotes need to be “ICE’d,” which means you need to introduce, cite, and elaborate each quote. |
| Attributive Tag | an attributive tag is a short phrase that introduces a quote or someone else’s ideas. Example, “According to Dr. Seuss…” |
| Citation | When someone else’s worked is mentioned, quoted, or referenced, it needs a citation. In the citation, you state the source: the author, the authors, etc. |
| Impicit | If something is implicit, it is implied but not directly stated. |
| Explicit | If something is explicit, it is directly stated. |
| Dramatic Irony | is a situation in which the reader or audience knows more about the immediate circumstances or future events of a story than a character within it; thus the audience is able to see a discrepancy between characters' perceptions and the reality they face. Characters' beliefs become ironic because they are very different or opposite from the reality of their immediate situation. |
| Situational Irony | when actions taken have the exact opposite effect of what they were intended to cause. For example, in Romeo and Juliet, Juliet pretends to be dead so that she and Romeo can be together, but this causes Romeo to kill himself. |
| Verbal Irony | 20. Verbal Irony- is a figure of speech. The speaker intends to be understood as meaning something that contrasts with the literal or usual meaning of what he says. Some examples are sarcasm, overstatement, and understatement. |
| Analysis | Analysis is the explanation and breaking down of an idea. In an essay, analysis is sometimes called commentary. It’s the part where we explain or interpret an idea and tell why it’s important. Analysis is not facts or quotations; it’s where we talk about how those concrete details prove our thesis statement. |
| Sarcasm | using verbal irony to ridicule or criticize. |
| Satire | the use of irony, sarcasm, ridicule, or the like, in exposing, denouncing, or deriding something. A satirical story will often imitate what or who it wishes to critique, and adds a comedic or absurd element while pretending to take itself seriously. |
| Pun | the humorous use of a word or phrase so as to emphasize or suggest its different meanings or applications, or the use of words that are alike or nearly alike in sound but different in meaning; a play on words. For example: I'm reading a book about anti-gravity. It's impossible to put down. |
| Euphemism | the substitution of a mild, indirect, or vague expression for one thought to be offensive, harsh, or blunt. For example, people will often say someone “passed away” rather than died. |
| Hyperbole | exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally. |
