| A | B |
|---|
| Atom | Smallest unit of matter that cannot be broken down in to simpler substances |
| Element | A pure form of matter that contains only one kind of atom. |
| Proton | Positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom. |
| Electron | Negatively charged subatomic particle, found outside the nucleus in the electron cloud. |
| Neutron | Subatomic particle in the nucleus that does not have a charge. |
| Atomic Number | Number of neutrons in an atom. |
| Atomic Mass | Number of protons plus the number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom |
| Isotope | An atom that has the same number of protons, but can have different number of neutrons |
| Ion | An atom that has lost of gained an electron |
| Radioisotope | Unstable radioactive Isotopes, that emit radiation. |
| Compound | Two or more elements combined together to form a new substance. |
| Covalent Bond | Chemical bond that is formed when two or more atoms share electrons. |
| Ionic Bond | When there is a transfer of electrons between atoms. This transfer creates oppositely charged atoms that are attracted to each other. |
| Hydrogen Bonds | Weak attractions between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negatively charge atom. |
| Properties of water that are important to life | Water is a polar molecule, and therefore can interact with many substances, and is the universal solvent. Water cools and helps maintain temperature of living things. Water is very important in the chemical reactions of metabolism. Water has a high surface tension, and water exhibits cohesion and adhesion to itself and other substance. |
| Acid | Any substance that releases hydrogen ions when placed in water. Acids have a low pH value. A pH of 0-6 is an acid |
| Base | Any substance the released OH ion when placed in water is a base. A base has a pH of 8-14 on the pH scale. |
| pH | A measure of how acidic or basic a substance is. |
| pH range of tolerance of most life | Most living organisms need to maintain relatively neutral pH ranges near or around a pH of 7 which is neutral |
| Buffer | Substance that resist changes of pH and keep pH relatively normal |
| Macromolecule | Molecules that are very large and made up of many atoms bonded together |
| Polymer | A macromolecule that consists of many small repeating molecular subunits in a chain. |
| Monomer | The small molecular subunits that for the building blocks of polymers. |
| Carbohydrate | Sugars and Starches. Primary energy source for most living organisms. |
| Monosaccharide | Single of simple sugar |
| Disaccharide | Two sugars bonded together |
| Polysaccharide | Many sugars bonded together. Starches. |
| Cellulose | Common polysaccharide found in the cell wall of plants. It provide fiber for animals. |
| Glycogen | Complex polysaccharide stored in the muscle cells of animals for a quick reserve of energy. |
| Lipids | Compounds like Fats, that are not soluble in water. |
| Lipids are important for living organisms because | Lipids are a reserve store of energy. They provide padding and insulation. Help with buoyancy in aquatic organisms. They make up many homones. |
| Triglycerides | Fats and oils made up of glycerol and three fatty acids |
| Phospholipid | Major structural component of cell membranes make of a glycerol, phosphate group , and two fatty acids |
| Steroid | Steroids are fats that form various types of hormones and cholesterols |
| Protein | A polymer made of one or more chains of amnio acids |
| Amino Acid | Building block of proteins. Make up proteins. |
| Peptide | A chain of a few amino acids |
| Polypeptide | A chain of many amino acids |
| Enzyme | A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in living cells. They lower the activation energy needed to help a chemical reaction occur. Without enzymes most chemical reactions in cells would occur too slowly or not at all. |
| Nucleic Acid | Organic Molecules that hold our genetic code or play a role in translating the genetic code to make proteins |
| Nucleotide | Main subunit of Nucleic Acids. Make up of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogen base |
| DNA | Nucleic Acid Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Holds our genetic code in it;s chemical bonds. |
| RNA | Nucleic Acid Ribonucleic acid. Plays a very important role in translating the genetic code into proteins. |
