| A | B |
|---|
| Frederick Griffith | during experiments to try and cure pneumonia, he discovered the concept of transformation (using mice and rough and smooth bacteria) |
| transformation | DNA of a live bacteriophage taking over the DNA of another bacterium or cell, even if the former is no longer alive |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic Acid |
| bacteriophage | a virus that infects bacteria and takes over its DNA. |
| Oswald Avery | discovered that bacterial genes are made of DNA, and that by removing DNA it prevented transformation. |
| Hershey and Chase | discovered that DNA, not the protein, carried genetic information during transformation |
| Erwin Chargaff | discovered that the ratio of Adenine to Thymine is equal, and the ratio of Cytosine to Guanine is equal ("Chargaff's Rule") |
| Rosalind Franklin | used x-ray diffraction to make an image of DNA. |
| Watson and Crick | determined the structure of DNA, and made a 3-D model of it. |
| nucleotide | a monomer of DNA: made up of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate group |
| DNA replication | special enzymes unzip the DNA, and other enzymes match the appropriate nucleotides to make exact 2 exact copies of the entire DNA strand. |
| enzymes | regulate all chemical reactions in the body |
| nitrogenous bases in DNA | A, T, C & G |
| "back bone" of DNA | sugar (deoxyribose) and a phosphate group |
| stage during cell cycle when DNA replicates | "S" phase (synthesis) |
| number of base pairs in the human genome | about 3 billion |
| genome | all of the genes on the chromosomes of an organism |
| DNA polymerase | enzyme which helps to create an identical strand of new DNA from the original DNA by attaching together free nucleotides in the correct sequence of the complementary base pairs of the entire chromosome being copied for mitosis or meiosis |
| base pairing | the attraction between certain nitrogenous bases which make up the "ladder rungs" down the center of the DNA molecule (A with T; C with G) |
| double helix | an extended double spiral chain of units, such as DNA |
| telomere | DNA at the tips of chromosomes |
