| A | B |
|---|
| Sufi | Muslim mystics |
| Shiite | sect of Islam that believe the caliph should be a descendant of Muhammad’s daughter and son-in-law |
| Sunni | sect of Islam that believe the caliph should be a pious man chosen by the Muslim community |
| Caliph | successor to the prophet |
| Sultan | Turkish title for leader |
| Abbasid | caliphate during Islam’s Golden Age |
| Umayyad | 1st caliphate under which Islam spread rapidly |
| Abu Bakr | 1st caliph and father-in-law of Muhammad |
| Minaret | slender towers of mosque from which Muslims are called to prayer |
| Caliphate | dynasty of caliphs controlled by a family |
| Genghis Khan | leader of the Mongols |
| Mongols | Asian nomads who destroy Baghdad in 1258 |
| Seljuk Turks | Asian nomads who convert to Islam and threaten the Byzantine Empire beginning the Crusades |
| Battle of Tours | battle in which the Muslim armies invaded Europe and were defeated by Charles Martel |
| Ali and Fatima | Muhammad's daughter & son-in-law Shiites believe the caliph should be descended from them |
| Damascus | capital city of the Umayyad |
| Baghdad | capital city of the Abbasid |
