| A | B |
|---|
| noun | a person, place, thing, or idea |
| verb | conveys an action or a state of being |
| adjective | modifies a noun; it answers “what kind?”, “how many?”, or “which one?” |
| adverb | modifies a verb; it answers how, when, or why? |
| preposition | shows the relationship between two things in space or time. Most prepositions fit into this sentence: The cat ran _________ the house (under, over, behind, across, from, etc). |
| conjunction | words that connect words or phrases or whole sentences. You can remember them by FANBOYS – for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. |
| interjection | an exclamation (Rats! Oh!) |
| pronoun | A pronoun replaces a noun or noun phrase (she, he, it, them, etc) |
| subject | What the sentence is about |
| predicate | The part of the sentence that contains the main verb and states something about the subject. |
| subject complement | A subject complement is the predicate that follows a linking verb and complements, or completes, the subject by describing it or renaming it. (For instance, The sky is blue. The complement is blue.) |
| direct object | The direct object is the noun that receives the action of verb. For example, in the sentence—The cat sold the dog—“dog” is the direct object. |
| indirect object | The indirect object is to whom or what the action of the verb is performed. For example—The cat sold me the dog— “me” is the indirect object. |
| dependent clause | A clause has a both a subject and a verb. A dependent clause cannot stand by itself as a sentence; it also needs an independent clause. “Because I read the book” is an example of a dependent clause. |
| independent clause | An independent clause has both a subject and verb and can stand by itself as a sentence. |
| adjective clause | An adjective clause has a subject and a verb, begins with a relative pronoun or adverb (who, whom, whose, that, which, when, where, or why) and it will answer what kind, how many, or which one. |
| adverb clause | an adverb clause contains a subject and a verb, starts with a subordinate conjunction (until, once, because, etc) and will answer how, when, or why. |
| prepositional phrase | a phrase (two or more words that do not contain the subject-verb necessary to form a clause) that begins with a preposition; “Under the stairs” is an example of a prepositional phrase. |
| participial phrase | a phrase (two or more words that do not contain the subject-verb necessary to form a clause) that beings with a past or present participle (usually an –ing or an –ed word). The following sentences both have participial phrases: “Walking down the street, Lars fell off the curb” and “Stuffed from eating a dozen cookies, Lars couldn’t eat dinner. |
| appositive phrase | A noun or a noun phrase that renames another noun right beside it. For example, “The insect, an ugly cockroach, crawled across the floor.” |
| fragment | A fragment is an incomplete sentence; it may need a subject or a predicate, or it may be a dependent clause. |
| run-on | A run-on sentence is two or more independent clauses that are “run” together. The sentence needs to be broken into multiple sentences or properly punctuated. |
| active vs. passive voice | When a sentence is written in active voice, the subject of the sentence is doing the action. When the sentence is in passive voice, the subject of the sentence is receiving he action. |
| parallel structure | Parallel structure means using the same pattern of words to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance. For instance, Mary likes hiking, swimming, and biking. |
| misplaced modifier | a phrase that causes ambiguity or misunderstanding because of its awkward placement in a sentence. |
