| A | B |
|---|
| humanities | the subjects taught in ancient Greek and Roman schools |
| perspective | a new artistic technique in which artists made a pictue appear three dimensional by making objects smaller so that they appeared distant |
| Medici family | an important family that lived in Florence beginning as bankers and eventually controlling the entire city during the Renaissance period |
| Francesco Petrarch | an early Renaissance humanist of Florence who found and assembled a library of Greek and Roman manuscripts |
| Raphael | a great Italian artist who studied Leonardo and Michelangelo and is best known for his paintings of the madonna |
| patron | financial supporter |
| humanism | an intellectual movement of the Renaissance that was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on the religious issues of the medieval period |
| Leonardo da Vinci | Made sketches of nature and of models Dissected corpses to learn how the human body worked Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats |
| Michelangelo | a talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet he sculpted the Pieta and statue of David painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome and designed the dome for St Peter’s Cathedral in Rome |
| Niccolo Machiavelli | wrote a handbook called The Prince that instructed rulers how to gain and maintain power |
| Florence | an Italian city that came to symbolize the energy and brilliance of the Italian Renaissance as many gifted artists scholars and scientists lived here |
| Engraving | artist sketches a design on a metal plate with acid |
| Albrecht Durer | he traveled to Italy to study and Through his art and essays he helped spread the Renaissance to Germany He is called the German Leonardo |
| Jan van Eyck | painted townspeople in rich realistic detail They also developed oil paint |
| Francois Rabelais | French humanist who was a monk physician Greek scholar and author he offered opinions on religion education and other subjects in Gargantua and Pantagruel |
| Utopian | ideal society |
| Vernacular | the ordinary language of the people |
| William Shakespeare | English poet who was the towering figure of Renaissance literature who wrote 37 plays that are still performed around the world |
| Miguel de Cervantes | Spanish author who wrote Don Quixote which mocks romantic notions about medieval chivalry |
| Johann Gutenberg | printed the Bible using the first printing press and printing inks |
| Recant | for a person to give up their views |
| diet | assembly |
| theocracy | government run by church leaders |
| Peace of Augsburg | allowed the Princes of the Holy Roman Empire to decide what religion would be followed in his lands |
| John Calvin | born in France |
| Huguenot | French Calvinists |
| John Knox | a Calvinist preacher in Scotland who set up the Scottish Presbyterian Church |
| Indulgence | lessening of time that a soul would stay in purgatory |
| Predestination | the idea that long ago God had determined who would gain salvation |
| Protestant Reformation | a movement to protest the church’s corrupt practices in an attempt to force the church to reform |
| Martin Luther | a German monk and professor of theology who protested the church’s corruption with his 95 thesis posted on All Saints Church door |
| sect | smaller religious group |
| Annul | to cancel a marriage |
| Elizabeth I | Queen of England who reached a compromise between the Catholic and Protestant practices of the Anglican church She insisted that the monarch was the head of the church |
| Council of Trent | a meeting that was called to establish the direction that reform should take in the Catholic church |
| Jesuits | a new religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola to combat heresy and spread the Catholic faith |
| Ignatius of Loyola | a Spanish knight who became a monk and founded the Jesuit order that was dedicated to combating heresy and spreading the Catholic faith |
| Canonize | recognized as a saint by the Catholic Church |
| Scapegoats | individuals whom society can blame all their problems on |
| Ghetto | the quarter of the city where Jewish people were forced to live |
| Henry VIII | King of England who broke with the Catholic church over receiving an annulment with his wife from the pope |
| Inquisition | a church court that used secret testimony torture and execution to root out heresy |
| Teresa of Avila | a Spanish woman who founded her own order of sisters she was canonized by the church |
| Queen Mary | was a Catholic leader who had thousands of Protestants burned at the stake |
| scientific method | an approach used by scientists to collect and accurately measure data |
| gravity | force that keeps planets in their orbits around the sun |
| Tycho Brahe | made 20 years of observations of the heavens that Kepler and Copernicus were able to use in their calculations |
| Johannes Kepler | proved mathematically that planets moved in elliptical orbits around the sun |
| Francis Bacon | helped develop scientific method discarded bible and Aristotle for observation and experimentation |
| Rene Descartes | helped develop scientific method emphasized human reasoning as the best road to understanding |
| Robert Boyle | a chemist who distinguished various elements and compounds |
| Heliocentric | sun-centered model of the universe |
| Hypothesis | possible explanation or educated guess |
| Galileo Galilei | made observations of Jupiter with a telescope and concluded that Copernicus was correct about the movement of the planets around the sun |
| Isaac Newton | proposed the law of gravity |
| Andreas Vesalius | published the first accurate and detailed study of human anatomy |
| Ambroise Pare | French physician who developed a new and more effective ointment to prevent infection and a technique for closing wounds with stitches |
| Anton von Leeuwenhoeck | Dutch inventor who perfected the microscope becoming the first person to see cells and microorganisms |
| William Harvey | English scholar who was first to successfully describe the circulation of blood in humans |
| Baldassare Castiglione | an Italian courtier, diplomat, and soldier known for writing "The Book of the Courtier" |
