| A | B |
|---|
| Copernicus | Believes the earth is round and revolves around the sun, known as the "Heliocentric theory." Also, published the book " Revolutions of Celestial Spheres " in 1543. |
| Kepler | 1st protestant scientist. Used Math to prove that the sun stays in place and the planets move in oval patterns around it called "Ellipses." Also proved that planets travel at irregular speeds. |
| Galileo | Built his own telescope in 1609. Proved the heliocentric theory using the telescope he built. Will also discover " Inertia ", when an object at rest remains at rest until acted upon by another force. |
| Bacon | Developed the "Scientific Method." He was quoted to say " the true & lawful end of the sciences is that human life can be enriched by new discoveries and powers. |
| Newton | Discovered Gravity. In 1687 he published " Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy." |
| Harvey | Discovered how blood circulates. In 1628 he wrote " Treatise on Human Anatomy." |
| Chatelet | Translated and commented on Newton's Principia & predicted Infrared radiation. Also, a lover of Voltaire and Voltaire is famous for saying " Chatelet is a great man whose only fault is being a woman." |
| Hobbes | In 1651 he wrote "Leviathan" which supported the central government. Believes in the rights of an individual , humans live in a primitive state of nature, and also that you consented with government for self protection. |
| Locke | Father of classical liberalism. Authored " Two Treatises on Government." Believed that the mind is a blank state and that human nature was characterized by reason. |
| Voltaire | Freedom of religion, expression, and free trade. Emphasized that religious toleration should triumph over religious fanaticism and believed in the separation of church & state. |
| Montesquieu | Authored " The Spirit of Laws" in 1784. which stated that the best form of government included the separation of powers. Separation of Powers divided power into 3 branches such as the Legislative, Judicial, and Executive. |
| Rousseau | Influenced the French Revolution. Authored "The Social Contract" in 1762 which stated that the government was a contract between people & it's rulers. |
| James I | Ruled England & Scotland. Known for the King James version of the bible and also believed in the divine rights of Kings ( above law ) . |
| Charles I | Son of James I. He took over ruling after the passing of his father in 1652. He always ask parliament for money but they refuse so therefore he dissolves them, usually over religious issues. He also fleas to Northern England to form and army, in which they will fight the English Civil War for 7 years. |
| Cromwell | Served as a general for the Parliamentarian side during the English Civil Wars. |
| Charles II | Son of Charles I. Makes the CHurch of England the official state church. |
| William & Mary | They took over after James II without blood shed. |
| Phillip II | Most famous Monarch. Made Madrid the capital of Spaina nd was the Prudent King because he worked hard and he is the king who sends the Spanish armada to England causing Spains power to decrease because Elizabeth I was able to defeat it. |
| Charles VI | Passed the Pragmatic Sanction. |
| Frederick II | Ignores the what Pragmatic Sanction and starts the 7 years war with Austria. |
| Ivan the Terrible | The first and most famous czar. |
| Peter the Great | Modernized Russia. Built St. Petersburg. |
| Catherine the Great | Was the longest ruler of Russia. She was more known for her affairs of the heart rather than her affairs to the state. She greatly expanded the empire. |
| Louis XIV | He will build the palace of Versailles which was built in honor of his wife who had already died. |
