| A | B |
|---|
| Homeostasis | A state of equilibrium of the internal environment of the body |
| Acid-base balance | Maintain electrolyte balance by excreting or re-absorbing electrolytes; especially with hydrogen and bicarbonate. Works with the respiratory system |
| Diffusion | Movement of molecules from high to low concentration |
| Osmosis | Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane |
| Kidneys | 2 bean shaped, superior dorsal abdominal cavity. Function is to filter blood and make urine. Controlled by hormones |
| Renal cortex | Outer layer on the inside of the kidney, where the filtration of blood occurs |
| Medulla | Middle layer on the inside of the kidney, contains triangle shaped areas called renal pyramids that are composed of collecting tubules |
| Hilum | Indentation, where renal arteries bring blood to the kidneys, and the renal vein takes blood from the kidneys |
| Nephrons | The fundamental unit of the kidneys |
| Glomerulus | A capillary ball, where blood enters into the nephron (through the afferent arteriole), |
| Bowman’s Capsule | AKA: Glomerular capsule. Material is filtered from the blood and crosses the capsule. The particles filtered are now called glomerular filtrate. |
| Glomerular filtrate | Blood from the renal artery is filtered in the glomerulus. The filtered product contains water, salts, nutrients, and waste. Filter about 160 L a day |
| Tubular Reabsorption | Nutrient, salts, and some water are returned to the peritubular capillaries and returned to the blood stream |
| Proximal tubule, Loop of Henle, Distal tubule | Controls the chemistry and volume of urine. |
| Tubular Secretion | Some substances are actively secreted from the peritubular capillaries into the tubules to be removed |
| Collecting ducts | Urine formation is complete and chemistry of it cannot be changed- heads for the bladder. |
| Renal Pelvis | A funnel shaped structure, where the collecting ducts drain the urine into the middle part of the kidney, and direct the urine to the ureters. |
| Ureters | Tubes that carry the urine from the kidney to the bladder |
| Bladder | Small, hollow organ posterior to the pubic bone. Lined with a stretchy tissue, and several muscle layers. Can hold about 500 ml of fluid. Controlled by the brain |
| Rugae | Folds in the bladder that allow for expansion |
| Urethra | A thin muscular tube that goes from the bladder to the urinary meatus, controlled by sphincters |
| Urinary Meatus | Opening in the vagina and penis that allows urine to leave the body. |
