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| "50˚40' or Fight!" | The northern boundary of the Oregon territory which became the slogan for James Polk's campaign in 1844 against Whig candidate Henry Clay. This slogan is often attributed to his marginal victory over Henry Clay. |
| American System | The programs which were known collectively as the American System (sometimes referred to as the Nationalist Program), which were championed by James Madison to champion a combination of programs that included protective tariffs on imports, improvements to inteerstate roads (including the expansion of the National Road from Maryland to Ohio), and the rechartering of the National Bank. Speaker of the House, Henry Clay, lobbied for the American System very aggressively. |
| "Boom and bust" | Cycles which occur throughout a market economy due to any number of factors which can halt a period of economic prosperity |
| Caucus system | A system in which a meeting (known as a caucus) occurred among a party often used in order to determine a presidential candidate. The demise of the caucus system occurred in 1824, when the Democratic-Republican cause nominated William H. Crawford. Others (including John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and Andrew Jackson) accused the party caucuses were undemocratic |
| "Corrupt bargain" | Andrew Jackson accused Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House, of using his influence to broker the "_______ _______" of 1824 (which cost Andrew Jakcson the election) because clay was promised a cabinet position if John Quincy Adams was elected president |
| Cult of domesticity | The notion which women should stay at home raising children and fulfilling domestic necessities while the man earns and financially provides for the family |
| Dueling | When Aaron Burr lost the election of 1804 to Jefferson, he accused Hamilton of sabotaging his political career, and challenged him to a duel in which he shot and killed Alexander Hamilton |
| Era of Good Feelings | The brief period of unity between 1817-1825, during the Monroe presidency, where there was only one political party, the Demoratic-Rebublicans, after the demise of the Federalist party after the Hartford Convention |
| Gag rule | An order from congress which suppressed the discussion of emancipation of slaves and also prevented Congress from enacting any new legislation pertaining to slavery because the debate became too heated |
| Impressment | When the British stopped American ships, and declared (with little or no proof) U.S. sailors had deserted the British navy and forced them back into it |
| Jacksonian Democracy | The first modern-day political party which replaced Jeffersonian Republicanism in 1828, which was characterized by a strong presidency. Members of this political party regarded themselves as champions of liberty rather than the Enlightenment scholars which characterized Jeffersonian republicanism |
| Judicial review | Established by Chief Justice, John Marshall, which is one of the most important principles of the Supreme Court, as it claimed the responsibility for reviewing constitutionality of Congressional acts. Judicial review was first established in the case Marbury v. Madison, where William Marbury, one of Adam's last minute Appointees, had sued Secretary of State, Madison, for refusing to certify his appointment to the federal bench during the First Term of Jefferson |
| Labor unions | Coalitions established during the Industrial revolution to review the working conditions in the Factories in which laborers worked. They were established to protect the welfare of workers after working conditions worsened after an abundance of immigrant workers from Germany and Ireland immigrated to the United States in the 1840s and 1850s |
| Manifest Destiny | The belief that Americans had the God-given right to the Western territories |
| Monroe Doctrine | A policy of mutual noninterference between America and Europe. It also gave the U.S. the right to intervene in anywhere in the New World, if it felt a threat to its security |
| "Pet banks" | Jackson put national funds into "___ _____" in an effort to destroy the Second Bank of the United States (BUS), an effort which was succcessful |
| Second Great Awakening | A period of religious revival (Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterian which began in the burned-over district of western New York and eventually spread all over the country and sparked an intense period of evangelicalism in the South and West. The Second Great Awakening gave birth to numerous reform societies in the Northeast dedicated to the task of saving humanity from its own worst impulses. There was often a religious tone behind their reform ideals (drinking, poverty, gambling, lotteries, prostitution -> social evils) |
| Spoils system | Trading jobs for political favors came to be known as the "______ ______." This cronyism was prevalent in the administrations of almost all previous administrations, yet was first recognized during the Jackson presidency, as he was an outside president. |
| States' rights | An idea in which power would be heavily concentrated in state goverment. States' rights were strongly supported by Andrew Jackson and others who distrusted large government institutions. |
| Temperance | The most successful social reform movement which sought the prohibition of liquor, as it had killed and broken apart many families. Many families could not afford to support this bad habit of alcoholism |
| Transcendentalism | A group of writers and philosophers inspired by European romanticim and believed in the idea in which humans and ultimately human society could attain perfection as they believed that humans contained elements of the divine. Very much in favor of the abolitionist movement (Thoreau arrested for his strong beliefs) |
| Underground Railroad | A network of hiding places and "safe trails which enabled Hariety Tubman along with other various prominent black abolitionists escaped slavery and helped more than 300 other slaves escape |
| Universal manhood suffrage | The idea that all white males would be able to vote and hold a political position, regardless of their property ownership, which was heavily supported by Andrew Jackson |
