| A | B |
|---|
| Functional fixedness/fixation | Inability to view a problem from a new point of view |
| Heuristic | educated guess based on prior experience |
| Ebbinghaus | Forgetting curve, importance of rehearsal in memory |
| Context effects | memory enhanced in similar settings of learning and remembering |
| +/- 7 | # of things you can store in short term memory |
| Amygdala | Location of memories with strong emotional attachments |
| Chunking | remembering things in combinations |
| Semantic encoding | Remembering the meaning |
| Long-term potentiation | Synaptic changes increase efficiency of memory |
| Wear and tear theory of aging | Life is long and sometimes difficult |
| Erikson's young adults | Intimacy vs. Isolation |
| Moral dilemma | Kohlberg's method of study |
| Conservation | ability to understand that volume can stay the same in different sized containers |
| Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational | Piaget's stages |
| Assimilation | Young children seeing like objects as serving the same function |
| Accommodation | Young children's ability to notice differences in categories |
| Permissive parenting style | lack of clear expectations and consequences |
| strange situation study | Ainsworth |
| Erikson's earliest stage | trust vs. mistrust |
| Fetal stage | longest prenatal stage |
| Embryonic stage | Earliest prenatal stage |
| Secure attachment | most common attachment style found in young children |
| Erikson's adolescent stage | identity vs. role confusiion |
| Being able to explore alternate hypotheses | Formal-operations |
| sensorimotor stage | object permanence learned |
| Harlowe | wire monkey experiments showing importance of touch |
| Longitudinal studies | Conducted over a number of years |
| Cross-sectional studies | Conducted over a span of people at the same time |
| Teratogens | Environmental prenatal influencers |
| gender typing | roles associated with distinctions between male and female |
| Erikson's early adult developmental stage | Sharing intimacy with another |
| Survival reflexes | rooting, sucking, startle, grasping |
| Sight | develops in response to stimuli and slower than other senses |
| Bandura | Observational learning (beating up the Bobo doll) |
| Tolman | Latent learning- you can learn without reinforcement |
| Successive approximation rewards | Shaping |
| Stimulus discrimination | being able to distinguish one stimulus from another |
| Spontaneous recovery | An extinguished conditioned response reemerges |
| Taste aversion | Usually conditioned on one trial= adaptive significance |
| Behaviorist theory | organisms learn associations because they are contiguous |
| Pavlov | Father of classical conditioning |
| Skinner | Father of operant conditioning |
| Conditioned Response | Generally the same as the Unconditioned Response |
| Meat powder | Unconditioned stimulus |
| Positive reinforcement | Rewarding of a behavior (good or bad) |
| Negative reinforcement | Taking away something negative (seat belt alarm) |
| Positive punishment | spanking e.g. |
| negative punishment | taking away something seen as good (cell phone e.g.) |
| Series of events done to achieve a reward or reinforcement | chaining |
| Selective attention | Focus on one stimulus |
| intense, novel, repetitive stimuli | capture attention |
| preconscious thought | just below the surface, easily brought to conscious awareness |
| self | how we differentiate ourselves from others |
| activation-synthesis model of dreaming | dreams are a reflection of biological activity |
| generalized reinforcer | money |
| primary reinforcers | food, water, sex |
| Variable interval reinforcement | Unpredictable timing of reinforcement |
| Fixed interval reinforcement | Set timing of reinforcement |
| Fixed ratio reinforcement | Reinforcement after a number of positive responses |
| Variable ratio reinforcement | Reinforcement after a changing number of positive responses |
| Generalization | Rewards (or punishments) from one action carry over to similar actions |
| Discrimination | Distinguishing specific behaviors that earn rewards or punishments |
