| A | B |
|---|
| American Indians | This group gained citizenship with an act in 1924 in large part from their contributions during WWI. |
| Charles Lindberg | He became famous for the first non-stop flights across the Atlantic. |
| Clarence Darrow | He defended John Scopes during the Scopes "Monkey" Trial challenging William Jennings Bryan's testimony in 1925. |
| Eugenics | This policy led to the sterilization of over 64,000 Americans in order to keep the U.S. a superior race. It specifically targeted the mentally ill. |
| Flappers | This term was used to describe women who rejected traditional female clothing and behaviors exercising their independence, smoking in public and wearing shorter dresses. |
| Glenn Curtiss | The first person to fly a publicly viewed flight. He also manufactured airplanes, built the largest fleet during WWI. |
| Great Migration | This movement of African-Americans who lost their jobs in the south and followed the promise of jobs in the North. |
| Harlem Renaissance | The term for the development of African-American art, literature and music. Key people included Langston Hughes, Alain Locke and Zora Neale Hurston. |
| Henry Ford | He was an engineer and early automobile manufacturer. His goal was to build an automobile that everyone could afford. |
| Ku Klux Klan | The increasingly tense race relations in the country saw a resurgence of this group, formerly focused on racial prejudice now included hostility towards immigrants. |
| Marcus Garvey | He advocated racial pride and supported a Back-to-Africa movement for African-Americans. |
| National Origin | This act established a maximum number of immigrants who could enter the U.S. from each country. Eastern and southern Europeans were discriminated against. |
| Nativism | The term for a dislike of foreigners. |
| Prohibition | This movement against the sale of alcohol resulted in a disrespect for the law and a rise in organized crime. |
| Red Scare | The term for the fear of Communists, anarchists and immigrants after the end of WWI. Led to Palmer Raids. |
| Return to Normalcy | The name for Warren Harding's plan that included reducing government intervention in the government, high tariffs and an isolationist foreign policy. |
| Social Darwinism | This is the belief that different human races competed for survival like plants and animals in the natural world. |
| Teapot Dome | The Secretary of the Interior under President Harding leased oil rich government lands to his friends in exchange for bribes. This became known as the Teapot Dome Scandal. |
| Tin Pan Alley | This section of New York city where musicians and song-writers formed the beginnings of American music including blues, jazz and ragtime. |
| William Jennings Bryan | He helped prosecute John Scopes during the Scopes "Monkey" Trial for the teaching of evolution. |
| I Have a Dream | This speech by Martin Luther King Jr. during the March on Washington focused on civil rights. |
| 13th amendment | This amendment ended slavery. |
| 14th amendment | This amendment guaranteed citizenship for all people born and naturalized in the United States. |
| 15th amendment | This amendment guaranteed the right to vote for all men regardless of race. |
| 19th amendment | This amendment guaranteed the right to vote regardless of gender. |
| Affirmative Action | This was Kennedy's plan increase minority representation in colleges, professions and businesses. |
| American Indian Movement | This part of the Civil Rights Movement focused on the U.S. honoring it's existing treaties with the American Indians as well as a recognition of their culture. Their protests included occupying government monuments on Alcatraz and Wounded Knee. |
| Beat Generation | The name for writers in 50s that rebelled against the conformity of their era. They preferred to be care-free & often reckless. |
| Betty Friedan | She is the author of the Feminine Mystique arguing against the traditional role of women. She also co-founded NOW. |
| Birmingham Jail | Martin Luther King Jr. wrote a letter from this location expressing why African Americans could no longer wait for equality. |
| Black Panthers | This group of activists worked against problems in the ghetto and for self-sufficiency of African-Americans. |
| Cesar Chavez | He organized the migrant farm workers union to defend Hispanic migrant workers. |
| Chicano Mural Movement | This movement was an expression of Mexican American culture. The murals became an important expression of their identity. |
| Civil Rights Act | Passed in 1957 to increase African American voting & in 1964 to prohibit discrimination in business engaged in interstate commerce. |
| Desegregation | Harry Truman supported this policy to end racial separation in the armed forces with Executive Order 9981. |
| Desegregation of the armed forces | President Truman ordered the desegregation of the armed forces following WWII when he issued an executive order 9981. This was seen as a significant event as it would give fuel to the Civil Rights movement. |
| George Wallace | He was the Governor of Alabama that worked against the integration of the Univ. of Alabama. |
| Heart of Atlanta Motel v US | The Supreme Court ruled that Congress did have the power, under the Commerce clause, to regulate discrimination in public accommodations. |
| Hector P. Garcia | He moved to Texas as a young man when his family fled the Mexican Revolution. The discrimination he witnessed against Mexican Americans during WWII led him to form the American GI forum to focus on increasing veterans' benefits for Mexican Americans. He was awarded the American Medal of Freedom in 1984 for his community activism. |
| Delores Huerta | She co-founded the United Farm Workers of America along with Cesar Chavez. Her leadership in the national grape boycott resulted in the California grape industry agreeing to collective bargaining rights for workers. |
| Judicial Interpretation | This term refers to the courts ruling on law or policy where they interpret the policy broadly and in some cases might be seen as making a new policy by its interpretation. |
| Litigation | To "litigate" means to sue. Litigation was a tactic used in the Civil Rights movement. Many groups used the courts in an attempt to secure rights for minorities. |
| Lobbying | This strategy is used to convince Congress to vote a certain way. |
| Martin Luther King Jr. | He promoted civil disobedience and led the Montgomery Bus Boycott. |
| Non-violent protest | This strategy was promoted by Martin Luther King Jr., Ghandi, and many others instead of more aggressive tactics. |
| Orval Faubus | He was the governor of Arkansas who ordered the National Guard to prevent the Little Rock 9 from integrating Central High. |
| Rosa Parks | She was arrested for refusing to give up her bus seat on a segregated bus. This led to the Montgomery Bus Boycott. |
| Strict Construction | A narrow interpretation of a law or policy by the courts. |
| Thurgood Marshall | He was appointed Chief Counsel for the NAACP and became the first African American Supreme Court Justice. |
| Title IX | This amended the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to end gender discrimination to these programs. |
| Title IX | This part of the Elementary and Secondary Act banned sex discrimination in educational settings. It promoted gender equity by requiring the same opportunities for women (most often in the area of sports). |
| Voting Rights Act | This act in 1965 eliminated obstacles for African Americans and increased the federal governments power over voting. |
| Arms Race | In 1949 the Soviet Union developed their own atomic weapon, this led to a race between the United States and the Soviet Union as to who could develop more powerful weapons. |
| Berlin Airlift | President Truman authorized this policy to send daily supplies to West Berlin in response to Soviet blockades. |
| Containment | This policy was used by Americans to prevent Communism from spreading further not overturning it where it existed. |
| Cuban Missile Crisis | This event is considered the high point of nuclear tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. |
| Education | After Sputnik, the U.S. increased funding for this field (especially math and science) to improve American ability to compete with the Soviets. |
| HUAC | (Acronym) This group led investigations of suspected communists and fascists. Many who were questioned by this committee included actors and directors. |
| Korean War | This was the first significant armed conflict between communist and non-communist forces. It ends with an armistice on the 38th parallel. |
| Marshall Plan | In 1948 this plan extended efforts to prevent communist takeovers by providing economic aid to war torn countries in Europe. |
| McCarthyism | This is the name for the era of investigations based on accusations of suspected communists. |
| NATO | (Acronym) This was a military alliance formed in 1949 to provide collective security against communist aggression. |
| North Atlantic Treaty Organization | This organization was created after WWII in response to Soviet aggression. The idea is that an armed attack on one of the member countries would be considered to be an attack on everyone in the group. This is known as collective security. |
| Rosenburgs | This couple was tried and executed for selling secrets to the Soviet Union to make the atomic bomb. |
| Space Race | In 1957, the Soviets successfully launched the first satellite into space. This led to more federal spending by the U.S. government in science education. The United States was the first to land a man on the moon. |
| Sputnik | In 1957, Soviets launched the first man-made satellite escalating tensions and resulting in an arms race |
| Truman Doctrine | In 1947 this policy was passed to assist nations in preventing communist takeovers. It initially focused on Greece and Turkey and later opened to all. |
| Venona Papers | In 1995 these documents were released confirming the identities of Soviet spies in the American government and other industries. |
| Brown v Board of Education | This court case ruled that separate but equal was unconstitutional and overturned the former decision to end public school segregation. |
| Delgado v Bastrop ISD | This court case declared that segregation of Mexican-American children in schools in Texas is illegal. |
| Edgewood ISD v Kirby | This court case decided states must revise their school funding system to be equitable in some cases taking from the wealthy districts and giving to property poor districts. |
| Hernandez v Texas | This court case decided Mexican-Americans cannot be excluded from the jury commission that selected juries. |
| Mendez v Westminster | This court case decided that segregation of Mexican-American children without specific state law is unconstitutional. |
| Plessy v Ferguson | This court case ruled that separate but equal facilities for blacks and whites was constitutional. This decision was later overturned. |
| Sweatt v Painter | This Supreme Court case ruled that the 14th amendment's equal protection clause allowed Herman Sweatt to attend UT Law School. |
| Tinker v Des Moines | This case ruled that student and teacher constitutional rights are protected in schools as long as it does not interfere with the education of others. |
| White v Regester | This case the Supreme Court declared the 1970 reapportionment plan was unconstitutional for discrimination against racial and ethnic groups. |
| Wisconsin v Yoder | This case ruled that in regards to compulsory attendance laws, Amish had the right to educate their children at home. |
| Benjamin Rush | A signer of the Declaration of Independence, he served as a surgeon general to the Continental Army in the Revolutionary War. His deep religious faith led him to be an avid social reformer believing in such causes as abolition and prison and judicial reform. |
| Bill of Rights | The first 10 amendments to the United States Constitution. |
| Charles Carroll | One of the wealthiest men in the colonies, he helped to finance the Revolutionary War with some of his own money. Following the war he served for a brief time as the only Catholic in the U.S. Senate. |
| Constitution | Written in 1787, it was the first written document to govern a nation in the world. |
| Declaration of Independence | This document was a formal declaration of the desire of the American colonies to separate from Great Britain. |
| John Hancock | He served as President of the Second Continental Congress and was the first man to sign the Declaration of Independence. |
| John Jay | A member of the Second Continental Congress, he was one of three authors of the Federalist papers that supported the ratification of the U.S. Constitution. |
| John Peter Muhlenberg | A minister during colonial times, he was known to be part of a group of ministers that while preaching were also recruiting volunteers for the Revolutionary cause. |
| John Witherspoon | A leading member of the Continental Congress and signer of the Declaration of Independence. |
| Jonathan Trumball Sr. | The governor of Connecticut during the revolutionary period, he was the only governor to side with colonists. During the war he supported General Washington by supplying his army with food, clothing, and munitions. |
| Americanization | This process was designed to make immigrants more "Americanized". It included learning to dress, speak, and act like other Americans. This was done through the schools. |
| Andrew Carnegie | This man was the founder of the U.S. Steel Company& promoted philanthropy among wealthy industrialists known as the Gospel of Wealth. |
| Big Business | During the Gilded Age, the economy saw a rise in this, often seen as more efficient but also as unfair competition. |
| Cattle | This industry supported the growth of railroads because of the increased demand for beef in the east. |
| Chinese Exclusion Act | This was the first (1882) to limit the immigration of a specific group. It also eased job competition by forcing the Chinese into railroad jobs. |
| Civil Service | This type of reform required government jobs be granted on merit and example is the Pendleton Act. |
| Collective Bargaining | Negotiations between employees and employers regarding the conditions of employment. This can prevent strikes. |
| Dawes Act | This act was part of the Americanization movement of Native American tribe. Each family was given 160 acres of reservation land. |
| Entrepreneurs | These individuals brought new innovations and capital to expand American industry. |
| Free Enterprise | This economic system allows people to expand their business as they choose and leads to the development of new industries. |
| Gilded Age | Mark Twain coined this phrase to represent an era where things look good on the outside but are not really that good. |
| Gospel of Wealth | This was written by Andrew Carnegie, encouraging philanthropy among wealthy industrialists, to use their money to give back to society. |
| Homestead Act | This act motivated more Americans to settle in the west by promising 160 acres in exchange for cultivating the land for 5 years. |
| Immigrants | This group of people who came to America were opposed by Nativists and attributed to urbanization. |
| Industrialization | New inventions led to the growth of industry in the United States. This in turn led to a move to urban centers (cities) where individuals often found themselves living in crowded conditions. |
| Interstate Commerce Act | This act was created to regulate shipping rates and other railroad abuses in the government's attempt to begin regulating big business. |
| Jane Addams | She is the founder of the Hull House, responsible for providing education to immigrants. |
| Klondike | In 1896, a discovery near this river in Alaska caused a rush for gold that brought miners to the west. |
| Labor Unions | These are formed in response to poor working conditions and low wages. (Ex: Knights of Labor, American Federation of Labor) |
| Laissez Faire | This theory refers to a lack of government interference in American business through regulations. |
| Manifest Destiny | Westward expansion was driven by this belief that Americans were destined to settle across the continent. |
| Philanthropy | The practice of giving money to help make life better for others. This was practiced by Captains of Industry during the Progressive Era. |
| Political Machines | These sought control of the cities by offering incentives in exchange for political support. (Ex: Tammany Hall, Boss Tweed) |
| Populism | This idea developed because of the issues of the farmers including lower crop prices, overcharging railroad costs and supporting bimetallism. |
| Railroads | The growth of this industry allowed for increased movement of goods to markets, westward settlement and better communication. |
| Rural | Americans move from this to the urban areas because of increased job opportunities in the cities. |
| Social Gospel | The religious revival that focused on the problems in urban areas, people could gain salvation by serving the poor. |
| Standard of Living | The new technological innovations in both transportation and communication saw an improvement in this for Americans. |
| Transcontinental Railroad | This was completed in 1869 and connected the East to the West. It led to better communication, trade and closing the frontier. |
| Urban | This term has to do with cities. |
| Urbanization | This is caused by the increase of immigrants and individuals locating to the cities & can lead to overcrowding, tenements, poor sanitation). |
| Banks | By 1933 many of these closed due to the increase of people withdrawing their money. This crisis was one of the first to be addressed by FDR. |
| Court Packing Plan | FDR's proposal to allow the president to appoint an additional Justice for every member of the Supreme Court over 70. |
| Dorthea Lange | She took photographs of migrant workers and displayed the living conditions during the Great Depression. |
| Dust Bowl | This was the result of severe drought conditions and led to a mass exodus of farmers from the Great Plains. |
| Eleanor Roosevelt | She was a First Lady and worked for social reform, supported youth employment, helped the poor and addressed the needs of women in her book Its Up to Women. |
| Federal Deposit Insurance | This Corporation was created by FDR to oversee and protect bank deposits. |
| Federal Reserve | This system controlled the banks and their ability to loan money and reduced the supply of money. |
| Federal Reserve System | The main role of this group is to reduce the swings in the economy by controlling the money supply. |
| Great Plains | This region was affected by the Dust Bowl. Many left and headed to California in search of employment. |
| Hawley Smoot | This tariff passed in 1930 was created to protect American business from foreign competition. |
| Hoovervilles | This is the term used to describe the make shift shanty-towns where many of the unemployed live. |
| Hundred Days | This the term referring to the initial part of FDR's presidency when he pushed through many of his programs including the Bank Holiday |
| John Steinbeck | He was the author of the Grapes of Wrath, a story of the migration during the Great Depression. |
| Monetary Policy | The government uses this policy to protect the purchasing power of the dollar. |
| New Deal | This program was created by FDR and consisted of Relief, Recovery and Reform. It focused on the Banking Crisis, unemployment and restoring the economy. |
| Okies | This is the term used to refer to the population that set out for California from the Great Plains. |
| Securities and Exchange | This Commission oversees the day to day operations in the stock market and prevent fraud. |
| Social Security | This program was part of the New Deal creating a pension for the retired, disabled and unemployed. |
| Stock Market Crash | Speculation and Buying on Margin caused this to crash in 1929 causing a chain reaction in the economy. |
| Tariffs | A tax on imported goods to protect American businesses. This protects the American businesses because the seller will pass the tax on to consumers which results in higher prices on imported goods. |
| Woody Guthrie | He was a country music artist during the 1930s that sang about the hardships of farmers. |
| Al Gore | He was Vice President for Clinton and lost the 2000 presidential election to George w. Bush in one of the closest elections in history. |
| American Recovery & Reinvestment Act | This 2009 Act increased the role of the federal government by increasing government spending to jump start the economy. |
| Balkans Crisis | After the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991 wars between former Soviet nations led to this humanitarian crisis and charges of ethnic cleansing. |
| Barack Obama | He was elected as the first African American president in the 2008 election. |
| Bill Clinton | This president was impeached by the House but acquitted by the Senate for perjury involving a political scandal. |
| Bill Gates | He was a very successful entrepreneur in the Silicon Valley computer industry and founded Microsoft in the 80s. |
| Camp David Accords | A peace treaty between Egypt and Israel (helped by Pres. Carter) to resolve long-term disputes. |
| Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 | Pass by Congress to reduce discriminatory credit practices against low-income neighborhoods. |
| Contract with America | This was published by the Republican party, outlining their conservative policies towards taxes, spending and government size. |
| Détente | Nixon's foreign policy meaning a relaxation of tensions and peaceful competition with the Soviet Union. |
| Election of 2000 | This election ended up being decided by the U.S. Supreme Court following a problem with the counting of ballots in Florida. President George W. Bush ended up winning the electoral vote over Al Gore. |
| Endangered Species | This act passed in 1973, Nixon designed this law to protect species nearing extinction due to human interaction. |
| Energy crisis | In 1973, US support for Israel led to an oil embargo by OPEC countries. This caused high gasoline prices for Americans and in some areas, shortages at gas stations. |
| Environmental Protection Agency | Nixon created this federal agency to protect human health and the environment through rules and regulations. |
| Estee Lauder | She created the multi-million dollar cosmetic company with advertising campaigns using celebrities & free-gifts. |
| GATT | (Acronym) This organization was designed to reduce tariffs. It was later replaced by the World Trade Organization. |
| Barry Goldwater | A candidate for President in 1964, he lost to Lyndon B. Johnson by one of the biggest landslides in U.S. History. Many consider him to be the founder of the modern conservative movement within the Republican party. |
| Billy Graham | He has been a spiritual and moral advisor to many U.S. Presidents. As a prominent Christian leader, he spoke out against communism during the Cold War era. Most Presidents since Dwight Eisenhower have called upon Mr. Graham during times of crisis. |
| Heritage Foundation | This was a political think tank during Reagan's presidency that sought to promote conservative policies. |
| Hillary Clinton | The First Lady appointed to bring national attention to health care reform. |
| Hurricane Katrina | This hurricane led to the evacuation of 80% of New Orleans. It holds the record for the highest storm surge and costliest hurricane. |
| Iran Contra Affair | Arms sales to Iran in exchange for the release of U.S. hostages. Arms were later sold to Nicaraguan Contras. |
| Iranian Hostage Crisis | In 1979, militants held the US Embassy hostage for 444 days. Carter's greatest challenge and led to his defeat in 1980. |
| Robert Johnson | The founder of Black Entertainment Television (BET). He was the first African American billionaire following the sale of his television network to Viacom. |
| Marines | Reagan sent these to oversee the evacuation of the PLO forces in Lebanon. During the mission their barracks were bombed. |
| Medicare | During Clinton's first term, he appointed his wife to chair a committee to focus on the future and reform of this health care program. |
| Moral Majority | This was a highly influential conservative group of evangelical Christians successful in pushing social issues into presidential politics. Founded by Jerry Falwell. |
| NAFTA | (Acronym) This agreement passed by Clinton created a common market between Mexico, Canada and the U.S. removing trade barriers and tariffs. |
| National Rifle Association | This group was the largest political lobbying organization that sought to secure 2nd amendment rights. |
| Richard M Nixon | President of the United States that was instrumental in improving relations with China. This followed the U.S. policy of not wanting to work with countries that were communist. He ushered in a period of "detente" which means a relaxation of tensions during the Cold War period. He later resigned following the Watergate Scandal. |
| OPEC | (Acronym) This is the organization formed by oil-producing countries to control the supply and set prices. It was used as a political weapon when they imposed an oil embargo on the U.S. for siding with Israel in the 1973 war. |
| Oprah Winfrey | She is one of the world's wealthiest women and entertainers. She greatly impacted President Obama's campaign with her endorsement. |
| Patriot Act | In response to 9/11, Congress passed this act to provide law enforcement agencies more resources to combat foreign and domestic terrorism by allowing them to search private records. |
| Peace through Strength | President Ronald Reagan's policy of building a strong peacetime military. The Soviet's attempt to keep up with the U.S. pushed their economy to the brink. |
| Persian Gulf War | The U.S. led the UN to remove Saddam Hussein from Kuwait to secure oil reserves in the Middle East during this conflict. |
| Phyllis Schlafly | An outspoken critic of the Equal Rights Amendment and Women's Liberation Movement. She believed it threatened the rights of wives and harmed family life. |
| Ronald Reagan | As President of the United States from 1981-1989, he was instrumental in helping end the Cold War and for pushing for more conservative policies. He sought to return more control to the states and decrease the size of the federal government. |
| Reagonomics | Reagan's supply-side economic program using tax cuts, reducing the government size and spending, and decreasing inflation. |
| Sam Walton | He changed the discount store market with the creation of Wal-Mart. |
| Sandra Day O'Connor | In 1981 Reagan nominated her as the first woman Supreme Court Justice. |
| Sonia Sotomayer | She was the first Hispanic Supreme Court Justice. |
| Lionel Sosa | Born in San Antonio, Texas he is the founder of the largest Hispanic advertising agency in the United States. His successes in organizing campaigns for Hispanic candidates world lead him to serve as the Hispanic media consultant in six Republican campaigns. Most recently for George W. Bush in 2004. |
| Strategic Defense Initiative | This research program nicknamed Star Wars under Reagan that was designed to protect American from nuclear attacks from the Soviet Union. |
| United Nations | This international organization was created following World War II with the hope that it would prevent future world wars. |
| War on Drugs | In the late 70s and 80s, this campaign fought the new levels of poverty, crime, & drug addiction in the inner cities. |
| War on Terror | After the 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, the U.S. began this campaign to fight terrorism. This war led to the deaths of Saddam Hussein and Osama Bin Laden. |
| Watergate | This political crisis during Nixon's term involved a failed break-in of the Democratic headquarters and ended with Nixon's resignation. |
| World Trade Center | This location was one of the targets hit during the 9/11 attack. |
| Anti-Trust Acts | These acts, led by Theodore Roosevelt, focused on dissolving unfair business consolidations or monopolies. |
| Eighteenth Amendment | This amendment was passed in 1919 to eliminate the consumption, manufacture and sale of alcohol. |
| Federal Reserve Act | This act, passed in 1913 by Wilson, established the central banking system through 12 central banks to serve as the "banker's banks" and manage the money supply. |
| Frances Willard | She founded the Women's Christian Temperance Union. This group was concerned about the destructive effects of alcohol. This group would be instrumental in pushing for the 18th amendment that prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol. |
| Ida B. Wells | During the Progressive Era, she became appalled by the lynching of three of her friends and she began an anti-lynching campaign. She would later go on to became one of the founders of the NAACP and one of the first African American women to run for public office. |
| Initiative | This progressive era reform gives voters the right to introduce a bill in the state legislature. |
| Jane Addams | She created the Hull House in Chicago, a settlement house designed to provide slum neighborhoods with education, child care, and services. |
| Meat Inspection Act | This act (inspired by The Jungle) was passed in 1906 to require truthful labeling products to protect consumers. |
| Muckrakers | Name for those who exposed abuses of industry, corrupt government and unregulated business & demanded reform. |
| National Park System | This system was established by Theodore Roosevelt under the Newlands Reclamation Act to preserve the natural scenery and wildlife for the American people. scenery and wildlife for the American people. |
| Nineteenth | This amendment was ratified in 1920 and granted women the right to vote. |
| Populist | This political party represented the "common man" (industrialists/farmers/miners), supported government intervention in business. In the 1896 election they supported WJ Bryan. |
| Progressives | This party included mostly middle class citizens who felt threatened by the rise of big business. Their platform included political reforms, worker conditions and women's rights. |
| Pure Food and Drug Act | This act regulated the preparation of foods and the sale of medicines. |
| Recall | This progressive era reform gave voters the ability to remove an elected official from office in a special election. |
| Referendum | This is a progressive era reform that allows a citizen to reject or accept a law passed by the legislature. |
| Seventeenth Amendment | This amendment was passed to fight corruption at the state level through the direct election of senators by the people. |
| Sixteenth | This amendment was ratified 1913 creating a graduated income tax |
| Susan B. Anthony | She was one of the leaders of the women's rights movement and temperance movements, advocated the 19th amendment and arrested for trying to vote. |
| Upton Sinclair | He was the author of The Jungle exposing the horrible conditions of the meat-packing industry. |
| W.E.B. DuBois | This Progressive leader is credited with starting the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People). |
| 26th amendment | This amendment lowered the required voting age from 21 to 18 in response to protests and in support of the young people who served in Vietnam. |
| Anti War | Student protests on college campuses became more radical as the war escalated. Examples such as Kent State and the Weatherman Underground showed the new level of violence in some cases. |
| Cambodia | The invasion of this country aligned with the escalation of air campaigns to cut off North Korean supplies and force negotiations. |
| Credibility gap | This was the result of the inconsistency between government reports and media reports on the war. It led to suspicion and distrust of government. |
| Domino Theory | The belief that if one country becomes Communist it threatens the freedom of neighboring countries. |
| Draft | Many young people opposed this policy by burning documents, protesting, and fleeing to Canada. |
| Great Society | The name for President Johnson's reform program including the Civil Rights Act, Medicare and the War on Poverty. |
| Gulf of Tonkin Resolution | This policy allowed President Johnson to defend U.S. forces by whatever means necessary giving the executive branch freedom to escalate hostilities without Congressional approval. |
| Media | This industry had a great influence on shaping public opinion on the war. (Newspaper, TV, Radio) |
| New Frontier | This was the name for Kennedy's domestic and foreign program to expand social programs, end poverty and initiate the Peace Corps. |
| Roy Benavides | This man received the Medal of Honor for his bravery under constant fire to secure the safety of fellow wounded soldiers. He had 37 wounds yet refused care until all were evacuated. |
| Saigon | The fall of this city to communist forces created a refugee crisis and marked the end of the Vietnam War. |
| Silent Majority | The name Nixon gave to the part of the population that worked, paid taxes and supported the government. |
| Tet Offensive | In 1968 this event was a series of failed attacks by the Vietcong and resulted in turning American opinion against the war. |
| Vietnam War | The US supported the South Vietnamese in this conflict against the Vietcong. |
| Vietnamization | The term for President Nixon's plan to replace American troops with trained South Vietnamese forces. |
| War Powers Act | This act restricted the ability of the executive branch to use force by requiring Congressional approval |
| Airplanes | The first airplanes used in World War I were used primarily for seeing what was going on behind enemy lines. |
| Alfred Thayer Mahan | He wrote Influence of Sea Power Upon History, arguing that to become a world power the U.S. needed a powerful navy. |
| Alvin York | He fought in the Battle of Argonne Forrest in WWI. He reportedly killed 25 Germans and captured 132 prisoners. |
| American Expeditionary Forces | This group of forces were under the command of General John J. Pershing during World War I. By the end of the war this group included over a quarter of a million Americans. |
| Battle of Argonne Forest | The largest battle in U.S. history involving over 1 million soldiers, they would be successful in breaking through the German defenses. It was part of the 100 days offensive that would lead to the end of World War I. The U.S. soldiers were led in battle by John J. Pershing. |
| Dollar Diplomacy | Taft's economic policy of encouraging investment by U.S. banks and businesses to maintain U.S. world power. |
| Expansionism | Americans supported this policy to spread U.S. influence abroad through colonies that would provide raw materials, markets, and naval bases. |
| Fourteen Points | Woodrow Wilson's plan to reorganize Europe, establish self-determination and create the League of nations. |
| Great Migration | This event was during WWI when hundreds of thousands of African Americans migrated to northern U.S. cities for job opportunities. |
| Guam | In 1898, this was taken by the United States as a result of the Spanish American War. |
| Hawaii | This territory was annexed in 1898 by President McKinley after sugar farmers ousted Queen Liliuokalani. |
| Isolationism | American foreign policy return to this after WWI, separating themselves from other countries' affairs. |
| John J. Pershing | He led the American Expeditionary Force (AEF), trained US troops in Europe and helped with the victory in the Battle of Argonne Forrest. |
| Henry Cabot Lodge | He strongly supported the idea of expansionism for moral reasons, major opponent to the League of Nations |
| Machine Guns | These new mechanized weapons used during WWI increased loss of life from previous wars. |
| Missionaries | These people supported imperialism as an opportunity for evangelism in other countries, to spread Christianity to other countries. |
| Nationalism | The belief that each nationality is entitled to its own government and homeland and was one of the causes of WWI. |
| Neutrality | When the war broke out in 1914, the U.S. declared this policy until events push Americans to enter the war. |
| Open Door Policy | The economic policy of President McKinley and Secretary John Hay in China promoting equal trading for all nations. |
| Panama Canal | This was dug through jungle and mountains to create a passage from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. |
| Philippines | This country along with Guam and Puerto Rico were acquired after the Spanish American War. |
| Poison Gas | Used for the first time in World War I. Because of the horrific nature of the injuries, nations would come together to outlaw its use in future wars. |
| Puerto Rico | This became an American possession after the Spanish American War. |
| Sandford Dole | He forced the taking of Hawaii to increase profits and get rid of tariffs. |
| Schenck v United States | Charles Schenck was arrested for handing out leaflets urging individuals to resist the draft during WWI. He claimed freedom of speech. The Supreme Court ruled that freedom of speech can be limited if the speech creates a "clear and present danger" to others. |
| Spanish American War | Fought in 1898, the U.S. defeated the Spanish forces in the Philippines proving the strength of the U.S. military. |
| Submarine Warfare | After the sinking of the Lusitania, Germans promised to stop this unrestricted action. When they resumed it prompted U.S. entry into WWI. |
| Tanks | These were first introduced in World War I. |
| Teddy Roosevelt | He initiated the Rough Riders during the Spanish American War, the construction of the Panama Canal and Big Stick Diplomacy. |
| Treaty of Versailles | This treaty ended WWI and took away all land holdings from Germany and forced them to accept blame for the war. |
| Trench Warfare | This new form of warfare developed during WWI separated troops by fields of barbed wire known as "no man's land." |
| WWI causes | Nationalism, Economic Rivalries, Alliance Systems, and Militarism all were causes of WWI. |
| Adolf Hitler | He became the leader of Nazi Germany and led an attempted genocide known as the "Final Solution." |
| Atomic weapons | These were developed during World War II as a result of the Manhattan Project. Two of these would be used on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. |
| Baby Boom | During this time over 30 million babies were born in the United States during the postwar era of prosperity. |
| Bataan Death March | This was the 60 mile march of U.S. and Filipino POWs by the Japanese. They suffered starvation, disease, physical abuse and murder. |
| Benito Mussolini | He became the dictator of Italy, formed the Fascist Party and invaded Albania and Ethiopia. |
| Concentration Camps | During World War II, Adolf Hitler ordered the Jews to be contained in these. Many were killed in these camps. |
| Conventional weapons | These would include the weapons of war such as machine guns, tanks, and airplanes. It would not include atomic weapons. |
| Dwight D. Eisenhower | This General commanded the Allied Expeditionary Forces in Europe. He is known for success during Operation Torch and D-Day. |
| Enlistment | The military saw an increase of this in the aftermath of Pearl Harbor. Over 5 million Americans volunteered for military service. |
| European Theatre | The fighting in World War II that occurred in Europe. This consisted of the Allied forces of Great Britain, United States, Russia and France against primarily Germany. |
| Executive Order 9066 | This was the order given by President Franklin D. Roosevelt that called for the internment of all Americans of Japanese ancestry. |
| Flying Tigers | These were the volunteer American fliers supplying the Chinese with war materials. They destroyed over 300 enemy planes and raised morale. |
| GI Bill | This law passed in 1944 to provide returning servicemen educational opportunities, low interest loans and unemployment insurance. |
| Harry Truman | He was the President after Franklin D. Roosevelt at the end of WW2. He approved the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. |
| Holocaust | This was the name for Hitler's mass extermination of people during WW2, totaling over 11 million. Many were kept in concentration camps. |
| Homefront | The efforts by many that were home in the U.S. to support the war effort. The home-front was called to support the war effort by supporting rationing, buying war bonds, and planting Victory gardens. |
| Internment | This is the term for detaining Germans, Italians and Japanese during WW2. |
| Island Hopping | This was the term for the military strategy for U.S. military advancement through the Pacific Islands through Japanese territory to the mainland. |
| Japan | The military faction in this country invaded Manchuria, allied with Germany and Italy and led the attack on Pearl Harbor. |
| Korematsu v US | Fred Korematsu filed this case claiming that his rights as a U.S. citizen were denied by the internment of Japanese Americans. The court ruled that the relocation of these citizens was constitutional. |
| Douglas MacArthur | This General commanded the U.S. forces in the Pacific Theater. He later was in charge of the U.S. occupation of Japan. |
| Manhattan Project | This was the name for the development of the atomic bomb. The first successful test took place in New Mexico, 1945. |
| George Marshall | He served as FDR's chief consultant during World War II and would go on to become Secretary of State under President Truman. It was during this time that he proposed the Marshall Plan which was an economic plan to rebuild post war Europe and insure that the speed of communism was contained. |
| Midway | This battle is considered the turning point for the Pacific Theater. Americans broke the Japanese code and resulted in destroying 4 Japanese aircraft carriers. |
| Navajo Code Talkers | These Native Americans devised a code for transmitting messages in their language on the frontlines of the Pacific Theater. |
| Chester A Nimitz | Born in Fredericksburg, Texas he would command the Pacific Fleet during World War II. In 1945, he represented the U.S. when the Japanese surrendered aboard the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay. |
| Nisei | Executive Order 9066 permitted the military to require Japanese Americans or ____________ to relocate to internment camps in the U.S. |
| Normandy | The invasion at this location is also referred to as "D Day," June 6, 1944. This began the effort to liberate western Europe. |
| Office of War Information | This organization was created to encourage Americans to work for the war effort, photograph the war to use as propaganda to promote patriotism. |
| Omar Bradley | He commanded the 1st US Army during the D-day invasion. It was under his command that Paris was liberated and the Germans were turned back at the Battle of the Bulge. |
| Pacific Theatre | The fighting in World War II in the Pacific. This consisted of island hopping as the United States fought against Japan. |
| Patriotism | Pride in one's country. During WWII many Americans showed this pride by displaying |
| George Patton | A commander in World War II, where he led the Third Army into battle following D-Day at the Battle of the Bulge. He ordered a 90 degree turnaround of forces to relieve American troops that were surrounded. |
| Pearl Harbor | Japanese forces attacked this military base on December 7, 1941. As a result of this attack, the U.S. officially entered the war. |
| Rationing | This policy regulated the amount o goods that a consumer could obtain during the war. Exercising this policy was to work against anger over shortages. |
| Rock and Roll | This was a new type of music that blended traditional blues and electronic instruments to become "American music." (Included Elvis Presley and Chuck Berry) |
| Tuskegee Airmen | This was a group of African American fighter pilots in the US Army Air Corps. They escorted pilots on bombing missions. |
| Vernon Baker | This First Lieutenant was awarded the Medal of Honor by Bill Clinton for his efforts in WW2. He was in the all black 92nd Infantry. |
| Victory Gardens | These were also call "War Gardens," grown by Americans to help with the food supply during a period of rations. |
| Volunteerism | During World War II, many on the home front were called upon to volunteer and assist the war effort. This included buying of war bonds, conserving raw materials, and planting Victory gardens. |
| WAAC | The acronym for the women's organization that volunteered during the war. Many of them served as nurses, Radio operators, drivers, etc. |
| War Bonds | Americans were encouraged to buy these to help finance the war effort. They reduced the currency in circulation and curbed inflation. |
