| A | B |
|---|
| Abiotic | An environmental factor not associated with or derived from living organisms. |
| Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | An organic compound that is composed of adenosine and three phosphate groups. It serves as a source of energy for many metabolic processes. ATP releases energy when it is broken down into ADP and phosphate by hydrolysis during cell metabolism. |
| Aerobic | Occurring in the presence of oxygen or requiring oxygen to live. In aerobic respiration, which is the process used by cells of most organisms, the production of energy from glucose metabolism requires the presence of oxygen. |
| Anaerobic | Occurring in the absence of oxygen or not requiring oxygen to live. Anaerobic bacteria produce energy from food molecules without the presence of oxygen. |
| Anatomy | The scientific study of the shape and structure of organisms and their parts. |
| Aquatic | In or on the water. |
| Biotic | Factors in an environment relating to, caused by, or produced by living organisms. |
| Catalyst | A substance that speeds up or slows down the rate of a reaction without being consumed or altered. |
| Codominant | Relating to two alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote that are both fully expressed. |
| Dominance | Tendency of certain (dominant) alleles to mask the expression of their corresponding (recessive) alleles. |
| Enzyme | Any numerous proteins that are produced in living cells and that accelerate or catalyze chemical reactions. |
| Gamete | A reproductive cell having haploid number of chromosomes, especially in mature sperm or egg, capable of fusing with the gamete of the opposite sex to produce a fertilized egg. |
| Haploid | Having a single set of each chromosome in a cell or cell nucleus. In most animals, only the gametes (reproductive cells) are haploid. |
| Hominid | A group of primates of the family Hominidae, which includes modern humans. |
| Mutation | A change in genetic sequence. |
| Offspring | The progeny or descendants of an animal or plant considered as a group. |
| Physiology | The scientific study of an organism’s vital functions, including growth, development, reproduction, the absorption and processing of nutrients, the synthesis and distribution of proteins and other organic molecules, and the functioning of different tissues, organs, and other anatomic structures. |
| Polygenic | Any group of nonallelic genes that collectively control the inheritance of a quantitative character or modify the expression of a qualitative character. |
| Recessive | An allele for a trait that will be masked unless the organism is homozygous for this trait. |
| Replication | In molecular biology, the process by which genetic material is copied in cells. |
| Vaccine | A preparation of a weakened or killed pathogen, such as a bacterium or virus, or of a portion of the pathogen’s structure, that stimulates immune cells to recognize and attack the pathogen, especially through antibody production. |
