| A | B |
|---|
| armada | fleet |
| absolute monarch | ruler with complete authority over the government and the lives of the people |
| Charles V | Spanish king who inherited crown of Spain and the Austrian Hapsburgs lands in the Holy Roman Empire; he eventually abdicated the throne and entered a monastery in 1556 |
| Philip II | absolute monarch of Spain who ruled during the “Golden Age” of Spain and unsuccessfully attempted to invade England with the Spanish Armada |
| Huguenots | French Calvinists (protestants) |
| Louis XIV | the Sun King and absolute monarch of France he ruled for 72 years increasing the power and prestige of France |
| Henry IV | monarch of France who laid the foundation of absolute monarchy there; he compromised on religion by converting to Catholicism and passing the Edict of Nantes for tolerance of Huguenots |
| Charles I | English Stuart monarch who behaved like an absolute monarch fighting with Parliament which led to the English Civil War |
| English Civil War | fight between wealthy nobles who wanted an absolute monarchy and merchants |
| Oliver Cromwell | leader of parliament forces during the English Civil War who led England without a King for about a decade |
| Queen Mary and Prince William | ruled England during the period of the Glorious Revolution; government under their rule began a limited monarchy |
| Glorious Revolution | bloodless overthrowing of King James II by Queen Mary and Prince William |
| English Bill of Rights | document signed by Queen Mary that ensured the superiority of Parliament over the monarchy and required the monarchy to summon Parliament regularly giving the House of Commons the power of the purse |
| Thirty Year’s War | war fought in the Holy Roman Empire that was caused by tensions between Holy Roman emperor and German Princes as well as tensions between Catholics and Protestants |
| Maria Theresa | Hapsburg ruler of Austria who competed with Prussian state over control of independent German states |
| Frederick II | Hohenzollern leader of Prussia who continued his father’s emphasis on a strong military |
| Edict of Nantes | agreement to tolerate Huguenots by Henry IV of France |
| Cardinal Richelieu | chief minister of Louis XIII a cunning capable leader who helped centralize French government. |
| intendants | royal officials who collected taxes recruited soldiers and carried out Louis’s policies in the provinces. |
| balance of power | the goal of various countries was to maintain a distribution of military and economic power to prevent any one country from dominating Europe. |
| divine right | monarch's authority came directly from God |
| Versailles | immense palace of Louis XIII |
| depopulation | reduction in population |
| Peace of Westphalia | ended the Thirty Year's War with a general European peace. |
| prime minister | in England person was always the leader of the majority party in the House of Commons. |
| constitutional government | a government whose power is defined and limited by law |
