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Vocab Games: Topic 7 - 12;3 Entire 2nd Semester

AB
medievalLatin for “middle age”
Islamreligion born in 622 A.D. and spread from Arabia across Northern Africa into Spain
Vikingsbarbarians/raiders who attacked coastal cities after the Treaty of Verdun causing a further decline of Medieval Europe
Charlemagnea great Frankish King who was crowned by Pope Leo III and to be the Emperor of all Romans
Battle of Toursfight where Muslim armies were halted in Western Europe
Charles Martela Frankish leader who stopped the Muslim armies in Western Europe
muslimbelievers in Islam
fiefa grant of land from a powerful lord to his vassal
manora self sufficient estate that belonged to a lord
feudalisma form of government that has a weak central government
vassala lesser lord who pledged loyalty and service to a greater lord
chivalrythe knight’s code of conduct
serfa peasant who is bound to the land
sacramentthe sacred rites of the Church
secularworldly
papal supremacyauthority of pope over all secular rulers
excommunicationwhen individuals were penalized by the Church and lost their right of receiving the sacraments
interdictwhen villages, cities, or countries were penalized by the Church by having the local parishes close down and no one was allowed to receive any sacraments
friarorder of monks who did not live in isolated monasteries but among the people to restore trust in the Church
anti-Semitismprejudice against Jews
Dominicansorder established to teach official Roman Catholic beliefs
tithea 10% tax levied by the Church
canon lawthe body of Church law
simonythe selling of higher Church Offices
Benedictine Rulean ordered way of life within monasteries
Franciscansorder of friars who taught poverty, humility, and love of God
lay investiturethe practice of nobles appointing friends into high Church positions (bishop)
chartera written document that set out the rights and privileges of a town
capitalmoney used for investments
partnershiptwo or more individuals pool their funds to finance an investment
bill of exchangea note from the bank that gave the total of cash a merchant wanted to spend like a modern day check
middle classnew class of people between nobles and peasants including merchants
craft guild“an association of workers from a particular occupation (i.e. bakers, carpenters, etc.)"
merchant guild“an association of businessmen who dominated town life
apprenticetrainee to a guild master
journeymana salaried worker in a guild
usurylending money while charging interest
autocrata sole ruler with complete authority
patriarcha bishop who exercises authority over other bishops or a high church official
icona holy image or religious picture
Hagia Sophiait’s name means Holy Wisdom and was a great Christian church built by Justinian in the city of Constantinople
Justiniana great Byzantine Emperor who ruled from 527 to 565 A.D.
Theodorathe wife of Justinian who co-ruled with him
Belisariusthe loyal general of Justinian who helped him to reconquer land that had once been part of the Roman Empire
Domesday Booka comprehensive survey of all the landholdings or properties in England.
Paliamentan English advising body that was composed of the House of Nobles and the House of Commons
Estates General“a French advising body composed of three classes, nobles, clergy, and commoners”
common lawa legal system based on custom and court ruling
William the Conqueror“a King of England who came from Normandy established the Domesday book and the Great Council”
Henry IIa King of England who established the use of common law and juries
Thomas Beckettthe archbishop of Canterbury who fought with Henry II over trying the clergy in the King’s court
Magna Cartaa document that King John was forced to sign by his nobles that gave nobles more freedoms and restricted the power of the king
John“King of England who was the son of King Henry II he was very unpopular because he taxed the people heavily”
Philip IIa French King who quadrupled French land holdings
Holy Roman Empireconsidered the weakest monarchy in Europe because of conflicts between church and state
Gregory VIIthe pope who argued with Henry IV over lay investiture
Henry IV“emperor of the Holy Roman Empire who fought with Pope Gregory VII over lay investiture; he did penance in the snow for three days”
Annulto invalidate a marriage
Innocent III“the most powerful medieval pope who fought with King John of England Philip II of France, and crushed the Albigensians in Southern France
lay investiturea practice by which a King or feudal lord chooses the bishop or archbishop
religious tolerancepolicy of allowing people to worship as they choose
Crusadeholy war
Schismsplit between Roman and Byzantine church
Saladinan able Muslim General/leader who negotiated a truce with King Richard of England to allow Christian pilgrims into Jerusalem
Ferdinand and IsabellaKing and Queen of Spain who imposed unity on the peoples of Spain and ended the tradition of religious tolerance in Spain
Dante“wrote Divine Comedy an imaginary journey through hell purgatory, and a vision of heaven”
Chaucerwrote Canterbury Tales a story of pilgrims on a journey to visit the tomb of Thomas Becket
Scholasticisma medieval philosophy that sought to show that faith and reason existed in harmony
Vernacular“the everyday language of ordinary people: French, German, English, and Italian
Thomas Aquinasa scholastic philosopher who wrote Summa Theologica in which he tried to show how faith and reason existed in harmony
Epidemicoutbreak of a rapid-spreading disease
long bowweapon used during the Hundred Years War that gave England an early advantage over the French
Black Deathan epidemic of the bubonic plague that killed one third of Europe’s population
Inflationrising prices
Hundred Years’ Warwar fought between the English and French over the French throne and English land in France
Babylonian Captivityperiod of time from 1309-1378 when the papacy was moved from Rome to Avignon
Steppean open treeless grassland
Boyargreat landowning nobles in Russia
Czartitle of Russian King that means Caesar
Genghis Khangreat Mongol leader who was first to unite all Mongol tribes
Golden Hordeterm used for the Mongols who conquered Russia
Ivan the TerribleRussian Czar who introduced new laws that tied peasants to the land and he exchanged land with nobles for military service
Peter the GreatCzar of Russia who helped modernize and westernize Russia in the late 1600s
Catherine the GreatAn efficient, energetic empress, who ruled in the tradition of absolute monarchs in the mid 1700s of Russia
Westernizationadoption of Western ideas
Zemsky sobora Russian Parliament that consisted of an assembly of clergy, nobles, and townsmen
AllahIslamic word for God
Hijrawhen Muhammad was forced to flee from Mecca to Medina
Islamthis term means “submission to God”
Jihadto strive or struggle in God's service
Kaababefore Islam, this structure house pagan idols
Meccaa bustling trade and pilgrimage center
MosqueIslamic house of worship
Muslimpeople who follow the tenets of Islam
Quranthe sacred book of Islam
Hajjpilgrimage to Mecca that Muslims take once in their lifetime
Ramadanholy month of fasting in Islam
Medinacity of the prophet
Shiitesect of Islam that believe the caliph should be a descendant of Muhammad’s daughter and son-in-law
Sunnisect of Islam that believe the caliph should be a pious man chosen by the Muslim community
Caliphsuccessor to the prophet
MongolsAsian nomads who destroy Baghdad in 1258
Seljuk TurksAsian nomads who convert to Islam and threaten the Byzantine Empire beginning the Crusades
Damascuscapital city of the Umayyad
Baghdadcapital city of the Abbasid
Arabesquedecorations with elaborate abstract and geometric
Calligraphyart of beautiful handwriting
Janizariesthe elite military force of the Ottoman army
milletsOttoman term for religious communities
gunpowder empires“Mughal
Sikhisma religion blended from Hinduism and Islam
SavannaAfrica’s largest and most populated climate zone
desertificationcaused by climate change this is a process by which the land dries out and the desert increases in size
Bantuthe root language of the Sub-Sahara people
Kingdom of Ghana“the earliest West African Kingdom controlling the gold
Sundiataaround 1235, “he was the original Lion King; came to power and established the Kingdom of Mali. He organized the trade routes and allowed religious freedom”
Kingdom of Malithis kingdom was established in West Africa after the fall of Ghana
Mansa Musa“Sunidata’s grandson, he is considered Mali’s greatest emperor coming to the throne around 1312”
Songhai Empirethe third great West African Kingdom controlling the gold
Swahili“meaning coasters; a string of commercial cities along the coast of East Africa that were very influential in trade with India and Asia”
Great Zimbabwe“meaning great stone buildings this settlement was an intricate location from about 900-1500 A.D. between interior Africans and the coastal trade cities”
patrilinealkinship ties and inheritance is passed through the father’s side of the family
matrilinealkinship ties and inheritance is passed through the mother’s side of the family
griot“professional poets; storytellers”
Triangular Tradegoods to Africa, slaves to West Indies, sugar and molasses to Europe or colonies
Middle Passagesecond leg of triangular trade when slaves were brought to the West Indies from Africa
BoersDutch farmers who settled around Cape Town in South Africa
Zuluclan of Africans who migrated into South Africa around the 1500s and became a strong military Kingdom by the 1800s
Shaka“a strong, brilliant Zulu leader
usurpillegally take over
pagodaa type of architecture that developed in China in which the eaves of the roof curve up on the corners
Grand Canala man-made waterway connecting the Huang He to the Yangtze River
Empress Wua great Chinese leader during the Tang Dynasty who helped make stricter standards for the civil service system
Tang Dynastythe Chinese dynasty from 600s to 900s that was geographically nearly as large as the Han dynasty
Song Dynastythe Chinese dynasty from 900s to 1200s that marked a 2nd Golden Age
Pax Mongolicapeace under Mongol rule
Kublai Khanthe Mongol leader who finally conquered the Southern Song dynasty
Marco PoloItalian merchant who lived in China during the rule of the Mongols
Ming Dynastythe Chinese dynasty to follow the Mongol rule
Zheng HeChinese admiral of the Ming dynasty
Shintoworship of the forces of nature
selective borrowingadopting some ideas and culture from another civilization
Yamato clanJapan’s first and only dynasty who claim direct descent from the Sun Goddess
Lady Murasakiauthor of Tale of Genji
Tale of Genjithe world’s first full length novel
shoguna supreme military commander in Japan
daimyogreat Japanese warrior lords who were vassals to the shogun
samuraiJapanese lesser lords who were the fighting aristocracy (knights)
bushidoa Japanese warrior’s code of values
kabukia form of drama in Japan based on Noh plays
haikua Japanese type of poetry with only three lines
Zen Buddhismform of Buddhism that became very popular among warriors and artists in Japan
Johannes Keplerproved mathematically that planets moved in elliptical orbits around the sun
Heliocentricsun-centered model of the universe
Hypothesispossible explanation or educated guess
Galileo Galileimade observations of Jupiter with a telescope; and concluded that Copernicus was correct about the movement of the planets around the sun
Isaac Newtonproposed the law of gravity
Recantfor a person to give up their views
theocracygovernment run by church leaders
Peace of Augsburgallowed the Princes of the Holy Roman Empire to decide what religion would be followed in his lands
John Calvinborn in France
HuguenotFrench Calvinists
Indulgencelessening of time that a soul would stay in purgatory
Predestinationthe idea that long ago God had determined who would gain salvation
Protestant Reformationa movement to protest the church’s corrupt practices in an attempt to force the church to reform
Martin Luthera German monk and professor of theology who protested the church’s corruption with his 95 thesis posted on All Saints Church door
Annulto cancel a marriage
Elizabeth IQueen of England who reached a compromise between the Catholic and Protestant practices of the Anglican church. She insisted that the monarch was the head of the church.
Council of Trenta meeting that was called to establish the direction that reform should take in the Catholic church
Jesuitsa new religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola to combat heresy and spread the Catholic faith
Canonizerecognized as a saint by the Catholic Church
Scapegoatsindividuals whom society can blame all their problems on
Ghettothe quarter of the city where Jewish people were forced to live
Henry VIIIKing of England who broke with the Catholic church over receiving an annulment with his wife from the pope
Inquisitiona church court that used secret testimony
Teresa of Avilaa Spanish woman who founded her own order of sisters she was canonized by the church
Queen Marywas a Catholic leader who had thousands of Protestants burned at the stake
humanitiesthe subjects taught in ancient Greek and Roman schools
perspectivea new artistic technique in which artists made a pictue appear three dimensional by making objects smaller so that they appeared distant
Medici familyan important family that lived in Florence beginning as bankers and eventually controlling the entire city during the Renaissance period
humanisman intellectual movement of the Renaissance that was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on the religious issues of the medieval period
Leonardo da VinciMade sketches of nature and of models; Dissected corpses to learn how the human body worked; Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper; Studied botany
Michelangeloa talented sculptor, engineer, painter, architect, and poet; he sculpted the Pieta and statue of David; painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome; and designed the dome for St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome
Niccolo Machiavelliwrote a handbook called The Prince that instructed rulers how to gain and maintain power
Utopianideal society
Vernacularthe ordinary language of the people
William ShakespeareEnglish poet who was the towering figure of Renaissance literature who wrote 37 plays that are still performed around the world
Johann Gutenbergprinted the Bible using the first printing press and printing inks.
Cartographermapmakers
Astrolabean instrument that determined latitude at sea
Caravela fast moving ship that combined both square and triangular shaped sails for the first time
Scurvya disease caused by lack of vitamin C
Circumnavigateto sail around the world
Henry the NavigatorPortuguese prince who hoped to expand Christianity and find the source of African gold. He gathered cartographers
Ferdinand Magellancharted a passage around the southern tip of South America and gave the Pacific Ocean its name. His crew became the first people to circumnavigate the world
Amerigo VespucciAmerica gets its name from this Italian sailor. A German mapmaker read reports from this sailor and labeled the lands as America.
Line of Demarcationline drawn by the pope to divide land that could be conquered by the Spanish and Portuguese
Matrilinealinheritance through the mother’s side of the family
Qing DynastyChinese dynasty formed by the Manchu
Hermit Kingdomwhen Korea turned inward it was called this
viceroycolonial representatives who ruled provinces of New Spain in the name of the Spanish King
privateerpirates who preyed on Spanish treasure ships
missionarypeople who spread religious beliefs
revenueincome from taxes
compactan agreement among people
Jamestownthe earliest English settlements located in Virginia
PilgrimsEnglish settlers who landed a Plymouth, English settlers who landed a Plymouth, Massachusetts in search of religious freedom
Mayflower Compactagreement made by English settlers that set guidelines for governing their North American colony
French and Indian Warwar between Britain and France fought in North America
Treaty of Parisagreement to end the French and British wars that were world-wide
inflationan economic cycle involving a rise in prices linked to a sharp increase in the amount of money available
capitalismthe investment of money to make profit
mercantilismpolicy by which a nation sought to export more than it imported in order to build its supply of gold and silver
tarifftax on imported goods
Columbian Exchangegoods from Americas and Europe that changed hands over time
commercial revolutionspurred trade promoted new business methods and increased competition for profits among the European nations
armadafleet
absolute monarchruler with complete authority over the government and the lives of the people
PhilipIIabsolute monarch of Spain who ruled during the “Golden Age” of Spain and unsuccessfully attempted to invade England with the Spanish Armada
HuguenotsFrench Calvinists (protestants)
Louis XIVthe Sun King and absolute monarch of France; he ruled for 72 years increasing the power and prestige of France
Charles IEnglish Stuart monarch who behaved like an absolute monarch fighting with Parliament which led to the English Civil War
English Civil Warfight between wealthy nobles who wanted an absolute monarchy and merchants
Oliver Cromwellleader of parliament forces during the English Civil War who led England without a King for about a decade
Queen Mary and Prince Williamruled England during the period of the Glorious Revolution; government under their rule began a limited monarchy
Glorious Revolutionbloodless overthrowing of King James II by Queen Mary and Prince William
English Bill of Rightsdocument signed by Queen Mary that ensured the superiority of Parliament over the monarchy and required the monarchy to summon Parliament regularly giving the House of Commons the power of the purse
Thirty Year’s Warwar fought in the Holy Roman Empire that was caused by tensions between Holy Roman emperor and German Princes as well as tensions between Catholics and Protestants
Maria TheresaHapsburg ruler of Austria who competed with Prussian state over control of independent German states
Frederick IIHohenzollern leader of Prussia who continued his father’s emphasis on a strong military
Edict of Nantesagreement to tolerate Huguenots by Henry IV of France
Copernicusproposed a heliocentric model of the universe


Father Ryan High School

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