| A | B |
|---|
| Thomas Hobbes | philosopher who believed people needed absolute monarchy to ensure an orderly society |
| John Locke | philosopher that believed people had rights and could overthrow a government that didn't protect those rights |
| Baron de Montesquieu | philosopher who promoted a balanced 3-part government kept in check and balance by each other |
| Voltaire | philosopher that defended freedom of speech and opposed inequality |
| Denis Diderot | philosopher who wrote an encyclopedia to encourage spread of enlightenment ideas |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau | philosopher |
| Mary Wollstonecraft | British female critic arguing that women should also be included in the Social Contract |
| Adam Smith | Wrote "The Wealth of Nations" to promote the concept of a free market |
| natural laws | laws of human nature |
| social contract | an agreement where people choose to give up rights for the government |
| natural rights | belong to all humans from birth |
| philosophes | thinkers looking for a better understanding of science and society |
| physiocrat | thinkers looking for a rational economic system |
| laissez faire | operating without government interference |
| free market | allowing business to take its natural course of supply and demand |
| salon | an informal social gathering for exchange of ideas |
| enlightened despot | absolute rulers that brought about political and social change by accepting Enlightenment ideas |
| baroque | art style of the early 1700s that was elegant and fancy |
| "Candide" | a novel by Voltaire that exposed corruption in Europe |
| Joseph II | an Austrian enlightened despot who traveled in disguise to learn of his subjects' lives |
| Johann Sebastian Bach | a famous German Lutheran baroque organist and composer |
| George Frederick Handel | a baroque composer who wrote a lot of music for the English King George I, including "Messiah" |
| Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart | a child musical genius who composed a lot of music and brought in the new classical style in the late 1700s |
| Daniel Defoe | an English novelist who wrote "Robinson Crusoe" |
| Act of Union | an agreement to join England, Scotland and Wales into a new United Kingdom |
| Tories | a political party of aristocrats who wanted to preserve older traditions |
| Whigs | a political party that supported religious toleration and other liberal issues |
| Robert Walpole | Britain's first prime minister, though he wasn't called that title |
| George III | British king who tried to restore more power to the monarchy during American Revolution |
| constitutional government | government whose power is defined and limited by law |
| prime minister | Head of the majority party in British Parliament |
| Navigation Acts | British law to regulate colonial trade |
| Continental Congress | meeting of colonial leaders to discuss concerns about England's unfair laws |
| George Washington | commander of the Continental Army |
| Thomas Jefferson | drafted the Declaration of Independence |
| Battle of Saratoga | a key battle in the War for Independence that turned the tide in favor of the colonists |
| Treaty of Paris of 1783 | the document officially ending the Revolutionary War |
| Bill of Rights | first ten amendments to the American constution ensuring many rights for the people |
| saunter | to walk about in a leisurely manner |
| dispatch | done with promptness and efficiency |
| indolent | in a lazy, care less manner |
| provoke | to arouse a feeling or action |
| condescend | to assume an air of superiority |
| foppish | a man who is devoted to or vain about his appearance or dress |
