| A | B |
|---|
| land use of rangeland | grazing livestock |
| land use of forest land | harvesting wood or wild life or nuts or other forest resources |
| land use of cropland | growing plants for food & fiber |
| land use of parks and preserves | recreation & preservation of native plant & animal communities |
| land use of wetlands, mountains, deserts, & other undeveloped areas | preservation of native plant & animal communities & ecosystems |
| land use of urban land | residences & other buildings, roads, parking lots |
| urban area | mostly developed land covered w/ buildings & roads & w/ population 2500+ |
| rural area | most of land is not covered in buildings and roads; sparsely populated |
| % US land that is urban land | 3% |
| urbanization | shift in population from rural areas to urban areas |
| causes of urbanization | 1) more & better jobs, 2) green revolution tech eliminates farm jobs; 3) excess food sold in cities; 4) proximity of cities to water, rail, air, or road transportn |
| positive urbanization impacts | 1) greater efficiency of transport/delivery inside city, 2) centers of education, 3) less urban land cover in concentrated city--leaving more open space outside city |
| negative urbanization impacts | 1) heat islands created as concrete absorbs heat; 2) nonporous surfaces prevent natural water filtration-> polluted runoff; 3) all materials/wastes shipped -->f.fuel use, GHGas release; 4) light & noise pollution; 5)higher individual eco footprints |
| infrastructure | facilities, services, installations needed for community to function--transportation, schools, water purification, power, etc. |
| heat island | pavement can be 25-50 C hotter than air above it, heating city |
| sprawl | spread of low-density urban or suburban development outwards from an urban center, converting rural land to urban land |
| Causes of sprawl | 1) growing city population size & density; 2)congestion--> lack of privacy & greenspace in cities; 3) higher land use per capita; 4) access to interstate highways; 5) tech like internet allows businesses to move out; 7) zoning in city may force some businesses & industries to suburbs |
| patterns of sprawl | 1) commercial (strip) development w/ businesses arranged along roadway w/o residences; 2) low density single housing; 3) scattered areas of dense residential develops; 4) sparse street network w/ green spaces inbetween but too little for natural habitat |
| negative impacts of sprawl | 1)auto accidents, travel time, f fuel use & GrHGas emissions + car expense; 2) road oil & salt runoff, GHGas emissions & air pollution; 2) obesity & stress; 3) less green space; 4) tax $ to suburbs -->city neglect |
| positive impacts of sprawl | 1) lower congestion in suburban neighborhoods; 2) move privacy; 3) at first, more greenspace; 4) leave behind decaying city |
| 4 components of city planning | zoning, urban growth boundaries, smart growth, new urbanism (all 4 supported by technology) |
| importance of mass transit options in a city | 1) reduced street congestion & parking requirements; 2) cleaner air & less runoff to pollute water; 3) saves $ vs car ownership; 4) more energy efficient than cars |
| kinds of open spaces | urban parks and forests for natural habitats & recreation, playgrounds, community gardens, greenways |
| importance of open space for a livable city | recreation, privacy, beauty, preservation of natural habitat |
| green buildings vs traditional construction | green buildings use recycled or sustainibly harvested materials, technology to save energy & increase efficiency, may use permeable concrete or green roof to filter runoff, etc. |
| city planning | designing cities to maximize their functionality & beauty |
| geographic information system (GIS) | computer system to store, graph, overlay/map, & view geographic data--helps plan locations of city infrastructure & open space |
| zoning | government restriction on the way that land in different parts of the city can be used |
| urban growth boundary | a line that city planners draw to limit the distance from the city center that will become urban |
| smart growth | urban growth plans focused on economic & environmental sustainability & avoidance of sprawl |
| ecological restoration | practice of restoring native habitat & plant and animal communities (e.g., remove invasive species & replant native species) |
| greenway | strips of vegetated open space that connect parks or neighborhoods, often along rivers, streams, or canals |
| sustainable city | city whose functions continue without depleting or destroying the resources that support it |
| livable city | city w/ clean air & water, efficient facilities, ease of access to public transport, green spaces spaces for recreation & privacy, & natural habitat, ease & affordability of access to necessary resources like food & housing, safety, diversity & beauty |
| barriers to developing mass transit | 1)car culture; 2)cheap fuel,parking; 3) old city design hinders public transport; taking taxes to suburbs prevents improving mass transit |
| positive impacts of zoning | allows neighborhoods control over development & safety; protects property values; may facilitate city planning |
| negative impacts of zoning | 1) infringes upon rights of the land owner to use land; 2) if single-use zones, may make transport from homes to work or business or school difficult |
| mixed zoning | both residential areas & business or industrial areas can be found in same zone--may facilitate efficiency & livability since mass transit for short distance travel |
| single use zoning | local government classifies land for only one use--either homes OR business, but NOT both |
| importance of greenways | 1) Filter & clean runoff; 2) decrease habitat fragmentation; 3) raise property values; 4) provide recreation areas |
