| A | B |
|---|
| enclosure | rich landowners too land away from peasant farmers by fencing off land |
| Charles Townshend | urged farmers to grow turnips to replenish the soil |
| Jethro Tull | invented a seed drill |
| Robert Bakewell | bred stronger horses and cattle |
| Thomas Newcomen | invented a steam engine powered by coal |
| James Watt | perfected the steam engine for wider use |
| factory | a place where workers came together to produce large quantities of goods |
| turnpike | a privately built road where a fee was charged to use it |
| Abraham Darby | developed a cheaper method for making iron |
| John Kay | invented the flying shuttle to weave cloth faster |
| James Hargreaves | inveted the spinning jenny which spun many threads at the same time |
| Richard Arkwright | invented the waterframe, using water power to speed up spinning |
| Robert Fulton | used Watt's steam engine to power a boat in America |
| Alfred Tennyson | leading British poet during the Industrial Revolution |
| Britain | where the Industrial Revolution began |
| Samuel Crompton | invented the spinning mule |
| George Stephenson | invented the steam-powered locomotive called the "iron horse" |
| Michael Faraday | invented an electric generator |
| urbanization | a movement of people to the cities |
| Luddites | rioters who destroyed machinery in protest |
| John Wesley | led a religious revival and founded the Methodist Church |
| Methodism | a form of religion encouraging sober, moral ways |
| Charles Dickens | A British novelist during the Industrial Revolution |
| utilitarianism | the idea that society should provide the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people |
| socialism | a political approach to solve poverty and injustice by having everyone own and operate businesses together |
| communism | a form of socialism promoted by Marx and Engels |
| proletariat | the working class, poorer than the middle class |
| laissez-faire | a "hands-off" approach to business |
| bourgeoisie | the middle class |
| Thomas Malthus | a British thinker who concluded that poverty was unavoidable |
| "iron law of wages" | the cycle of higher and lower wages based on population growth |
| John Stuart Mill | urged reforms to help the working class |
| Utopians | early socialists who tried to practice a model community of socialism |
| "The Communist Manifesto" | a pamphlet promoting communism |
| Karl Marx | a German philosopher who pushed for communism |
