| A | B |
|---|
| Zollverein | an economic union helping to tie German states together |
| Realpolitik | a political philosophy that the state must be preserved at all costs |
| Schleswig and Holstein | Provinces of Denmark that were seized by Germany and Austria |
| Austro-Prussian War | In just seven-weeks Germany took over more of Austria's land |
| North German Confederation | Bismark's new organization that dominated Germany and Austria |
| Franco-Prussian War | A fight over the vacant Spanish throne between Germany and France |
| William I | ruler of the German Second Reich |
| Second Reich | Germany's new united empire in 1871 |
| Otto von Bismarck | a German leader of the later 1800s who unified German states into a unified force |
| Kulturkampf | the "battle for civilization" for which the goal was to cause Catholics to submit to the German state |
| anarchist | the philosophy to abolish all government |
| Giuseppe Mazzini | a nationalist who founded Young Italy |
| Risorgimento | the Italian nationalist movement |
| Victor Emmanuel II | Italy's constitutional monarch in the 1850s. |
| Camillo Cavour | Victor Emmanuel's prime minister of Italy |
| Giuseppe Garibaldi | leader of the "red shirts" in southern Italy |
| Giuseppi Verdi | Italian opera composer and nationalist |
| Francis Joseph | ruled both Austria and Hungary |
| Decembrist Revolt | an uprising when Alexander I of Russia died, pushing for a constitution and reform. |
| Crimean War | Fight between Russia and the Turks over a peninsula by the Black Sea |
| Alexander II | pressured into agreeing to reforms and freed the serfs in Russia |
| People's Will | A radical revolutionary group attempting to kill the czar |
| Russification | a program designed to squelch any non-Russian culture in Russia |
| Serge Witte | Russian finance minister who focused on economic development |
| Bloody Sunday | When a large group of people were massacred while calmly going about their business |
| Peter Stolypin | A Russian prime minister who tried to restore order to Russia in the early 1900s. |
| zemstvo | elected assemlies responsible for road repair, schools and agriculture. |
| pogroms | violent mob attacks on Jews |
| refugees | people who flee their homeland to seek safety elsewhere. |
| October Manifesto | Nicholas proclamation that reforms giving people more freedom in Russia woule be allowed. |
| Duma | a group that approved and directed the work of the October Manifesto |
