| A | B |
|---|
| Define deviance | Violation of a social norm |
| Folkways | Informal norms that reflect cultural traditions and guide our everyday interactions |
| Mores | They are informal but salient norms that are closely linked to value judgments about the righteous and wrongness of particular acts. |
| Laws | Formal rules enacted and enforced by the state. |
| Taboos | Prohibitions against behaviors that most members of societies so repugnant they are unthinkable. |
| Four variables that influence defining deviance and conformity. | Time, place situation, culture. |
| Hate crimes | Criminal acts against people and their property that are motivated by racial and ethnic prejudices and other social biases |
| Stigma | Any characteristic that sets people apart and discredits or disqualifies then from full social acceptance and participation |
| Phrenology | The scientific study of bumps and proportions of the skull believed to be linked to violence |
| Social Pathology Theories of deviance | Suicide mental illness drug abuse crime |
| Social pathology | A problem that potentially threatens the survival of society. |
| Durkheim study of suicide four types | Egoist, altruistic anomic and fatalistic |
| Egoist | Occurs in large complex loosely integrated urban societies in which individuals fell they are not meaningfully integrated into a social group or society as a whole. |
| Altruistic | Closely bonded small groups’ occurs as an example of social integration. |
| anomic | People taking their lives an s a result of lack of social regulation and control. |
| fatalistic | Freedom of social control. |
| Merton’s anomie theory | Conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion |
| Conformity | People accept socially approved goals and pursue them by culturally acceptable means. |
| innovation | Finding a new way to do an old thing. |
| ritualism | A person either rejects society’s goals or realizes that he or she cannot achieve them but still goes through the motions. |
| retreatism | Rejection of both socially approved goals, and culturally approved means of achieving them. |
| rebellion | Rejects society’s goals and replaces them with antithetical goals. |
| Role engulfment | Individuals often internalize the deviant identity to the extent that they to view themselves as generally deviant, rather than deviant in relation to a specific actor attribute. |
| Elite Deviance | All aspects of white collar crime as well as other deviant acts perpetrated by those in power. |
| Master status & career model | Howard Becker developed the career model of deviance that demonstrates how the application and subsequent initialization of the deviant label leads to continued and increase deviance. Deviance becomes master status. |
| Theory of different associations Birds of a feather flock together. | Our behavior is greatly influenced by the people we associate with. Parent’s sibling close friends have the great impact. |
| Social bond theory | Hirschi’s social bond theory Main reason that some people do not commit deviance is that they have developed a strong social bond constiting of attachment to parents, school, church, and other institutions. |
| Techniques of Neutralization 5 kinds | Denial Responsibility, Denial of injury, Denial of the victim, condemnation of the condemners, Appeal to higher loyalties. |
| Deterrence theory | States that deviance will be effectively deterred if negative social sanctions are perceived to be certain swift and sever |
| Four informal social controls | Gossip, ridicule, shame, ostracism |
| 1972 supreme Court case that outlaw capital punishment | Furman v. Georgia |
| Retribution | punishment |
| Which state has the highest # of executions since 1977 | Texas |
| Which region of the US has the highest rate of violent crime per 100,000 | south |
| Prescriptive norms | Tells us what we should do |
| Proscriptive norms | What we should not do |
| Range of tolerance and what is means with respect to defining deviance. | Scope of behaviors considered acceptable and defined as conformity |
| Denial of Responsibility | People clam they were caused by ‘forces beyond their |
| Denial of injury | If a person cannot deny responsibility for and act he or she may argue that no harm was done |
| Denial of victim | When some one is hurt and harm, cannot be denied the deviant may realize that the victim deserves to be hurt. |
| Condemnation of the condemners | A common assertion by many deviants is that those who condemn them are even more worthy of condemnation. |
| Appeal to higher loyalties | Particular group or some higher cause example terrorists. |
| Social differentiation | A process in which people are set apart for different treatment by virtue of their statuses, roles and other social characteristics. |
| Social Stratification | A form of inequality in which categories of people are systematically ranked in the hierarchy on the basis of their access to scarce but valued resources. |
| Slavery its conditions throughout history | Slavery last for many years in Greece, Rome, it flourished for four centuries U.S. Korea, Russia, and Saudi Arabia. In the 21st centaury, there are as many as 3 million slaves in the world. Thought out history slaves received depended on economic and political circumstances in some societies they were fairy well treated. |
| Castes=Varna Brahmins (priest and scholars, Kshatriyas (worriers and royalty), Vaisyas (merchants and Sudras (peasants and (Craft workers). | Brahmins (priest and scholars, Kshatriyas (worriers and royalty), Vaisyas (merchants and Sudras (peasants and (Craft workers). |
| The three estates in the feudal period | The three estates are included peasants, artisans, merchants, traders, and towns’ people these were marked by extreme inequality the three estates were defined by law priesthood nobility and commoners. |
| The different systems of stratification and how much social mobility each has | Wealth Weber believed that lead to formation of classes and they have similar life styles. Wealth gives different social classes’ different life chances or opportunities such things as health, education, and long lives. Wealth includes a person or family’s total economic assets. Power is the ability to realize ones will. Social power the ability to make decision that effect ones life and others. Members dominate industries, banks, foundations and all other policy-making industries. Prestige some people deserve more respect than others occupational material status, possessions or personal qualities. |
| Culture of poverty | A set of norms beliefs values, and attitudes that trap a small # of the urban poor in a permanent cycle of poverty. |
| Through what type of mobility are the largest gains made by members of society? | Social class |
| The structural-functionalist perspective and how they believe that poverty can be beneficial to society | Gans argues that poverty may be functional and beneficial not for society but for certain segments of society. He contends that poverty is very functional for those who make their living assisting the poor, such as public health workers, and prison officials. |
| How wealth is distributed among the five classes in the U.S. | Upper class 1% of the population, Income of $500,000 or more, net value in the millions or billions. Upper middle class 15% of the population, household income of 100,000, Emphasis on advanced degrees. Lower middle 33%, a large and diverse class, white collar, and non-manual labors. Working class, 30% of population, blue collar, and clerical workers who do real work vulnerable s and long period of unemployment. Lower class. Includes as much as 30% of population, members working at low paying jobs chronically unemployment, homeless, and welfare recipients. |
| The top two professions on the prestige scale | Physicians and college professors, doctors. |
| New Money v. old Money | Old money (inherited, goes back many generations; individuals do not work); new money (get rich quick, work hard, win the lottery, quick investments—generally a one generation) |
| Poverty line and the minimum amount for a family of four | An income of less than $17, 050 |
| Race and how it is defined as a biological concept | Race is a population that differs from other in the frequency of certain hereditary traits. |
| Which country combines skin color gradations with economic success | Brazilian |
| discrimination | Unequal treatment of people because of their group membership |
| Do ethnic identities have long histories? | yes |
| Ethic groups | A category of people set apart from others because of distinctive customs and lifetyles |
| Ethnicity | Statuses based on cultural heritage and shared feelings of peoplehood |
| Ethnicity and Ethic groups | A category of people set apart from others because of distinctive customs and lifestyles |
| Hate groups examples | White hate groups, ; discrimination in the workplace because of race or age; housing, education |
| Industrial discrimination | Unequal treatment of a group that is deeply embedded |
| Legal discrimination | Minoirity group members denied lawful access to public institutions, jobs, or housing |
| Minority groups | A category of people who are set apart for unequal treatment because of physical or cultural character tics |
| Personal discrimination | Attacks on minority group members from social slights and insults to murder |
| Pluralism | When racial and ethnic groups cooperate while still retaining their distinctive identities and lifestyles |
| Population transfer | Population moving from one area to another |
| Prejudice | Preconceived judgment about a category of people |
| Robert Merton’s four ways in which people may be prejudice and or discriminatory | 1.) unprejudiced nondiscriminatory (all-weather liberals); unprejudiced discriminators (fair weather liberals), prejudiced nondiscriminatory (bigots); prejudiced discriminator (bigot) |
| Scapegoat theory | A weak, convenient and socially approved target |
| Split labor market | Economic situation in which two groups of workers are willing to do the same work for different wages |
| Stereotypes | Static and oversimplified ideas about a group or a social category |
| Myths of poverty | they are black and live in a ghetto--this is not true |
| Characteristics of a caste system | a person belongs to only one social structure and cannot move up in rank |
