| A | B |
|---|
| herbivore | plant eating |
| carnivore | animal (meat) eating |
| omnivore | pland and animal eating |
| suspension feeders | extract food particles from water |
| substrate feeders | live on or in food source |
| fluid feeders | suck nutrient rich fluids from organism |
| bulk feeders | ingest large food pieces |
| ingestion | taking in food |
| digestion | breaking down food |
| absorption | take up digested particles |
| elimination | release undigested materials |
| gastrovascular cavity | single opening digestive compartment |
| mouth | opening to digestive compartment |
| alimentary canal | two-opening digestive compartment |
| pharynx | compartment behind mouth shared with respiratory tract |
| esophagus | channel from pharynx to storage compartment |
| crop | thin walled storage pouch |
| gizzard | muscular grinding compartment |
| stomach | storage/grinding compartment |
| intestine | digestion/absorption compartment |
| anus | opening expels undigested materials |
| peristalsis | muscular waves move materials |
| sphincters | circular muscle bands separates compartments |
| cardiac sphincter | separates esophagus/stomach |
| pyloric sphincter | separates stomach/intestines |
| saliva | digestive fluid of mouth |
| oral cavity | mechanical/chemical digestion initiated |
| salivary glands | produce salive |
| parotid gland | salivary gland proximal to ear |
| sublingual gland | salivary gland beneath tongue |
| submandibular gland | salivary gland beneath lower jaw |
| tongue | muscular organ of oral cavity |
| incisor teeth | clipping/cutting teeth |
| canine teeth | puncturing/tearing teeth |
| premolar teeth | small grinding teeth |
| molar teeth | large grinding teeth |
| bolus | semisold food ball leaving oral cavity |
| larynx | voice box |
| glottis | treacheal (airway) opening |
| epiglottis | tissue flap sealing airway |
| Heimlich maneuver | process used to clear blocked airway |
| gastric juice | digestive fluid produced by stomach |
| chief cells | stomach lining cells release pepsinogen |
| pepsinogen | inactive stomach protease |
| parietal cells | stomach lining cells release acid |
| HCl | digestive acid activates pepsinogen |
| pepsin | proteinase activate by HCl acid |
| gastrin | hormone stimulates production of gastric juices |
| chyme | semi-liguid processed food entering intestine |
| acid reflux | acid leakage from stomach to esophagus |
| GERD | gastroesophogeal reflux disease |
| Helicobacter pylori | bacterial cause of gasric ulcers |
| gastric ulcer | erosion of mucus lining of stomach |
| bleeding ulcer | erosion of blood vessels in stomach lining |
| perforated ulcer | erosion through the stomach wall |
| small intestine | completes food digestion/absorption |
| duodenum | digestive portion of intestines |
| jejunum | digestive/absorptive portion of intestines |
| ileum | absorptive portion of intestines |
| pancreas | endocrin/exocrine gland forms digestive enzymes |
| pancreatic juices | digestive fluidformed by pancreas |
| amylase | strach into maltose |
| trypsin | polypeptides made smaller |
| chymotrypsin | action like trypsin |
| carboxypeptidase | polypeptides into amino acids |
| lipase | breakdown fats |
| nuclease | breakdown DNA/RNA |
| liver | produces bile detoxifies materials in blood |
| bile | fat emulsifing fluid |
| emulsifier | big fat droplets into smaller droplets |
| gallbladder | stores bile |
| intestinal juices | enzyme secretion of intestinal cells |
| maltase | maltose into glucose |
| sucrase | erosion through the stomach wall |
| lactase | lactose into galactose & glucose |
| villi | folds in intestinal lining |
| microvilli | smaller folds in intestinal lining folds |
| hepatic portal vein | carried blood with absorbed materials to liver |
| large intestine | removes excess fluid from undigested materials |
| ileocecal sphincter | separates small intestine from large intestine/cecum |
| cecum | fingerlike extension of cecum full of WBC |
| appendix | blind pocket at junction of small/large intestine |
| rectum | stores feces |
| feces | undigested food material |
| kilocalorie | measurement of energy of food |
| metabolic rate | rate of energy consumption |
| basal metabolic rate (BMR) | amount of energy used to maintain essentials |
| essential nutrients | materials that cannot be made from raw materials |
| undernourishment | diet deficient in calories |
| malnourishment | diet with long term absence of essential nutrient |
| essential fatty acids | fats must be gotten from diet |
| essential amino acids | amino acids must be gotten from diet |
| vitamin | essential nutrient needed in minute amounts |
| water soluble vitamin | polar molecule dissolves in water |
| vitamin B1 (thiamine) | deficiency causes Beriberi |
| vitamin B2 (riboflavin) | deficiency causes skin lesions |
| vitamin B3 (niacin) | deficiency nervous disorder & liver disease |
| vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) | deficiency fatigue tingling hands/feet |
| vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) | deficiency unstable gait/poor coordination |
| vitamin B9 (folic acid) | deficiency - anemia |
| biotin | deficiency - scaly skin inflammation |
| vitamin C (ascorbic acid) | deficiency - scurvy |
| fat soluble vitamins | do not dissolve in water |
| vitamin A (retinol) | deficiency - poor night vision |
| vitamin D | deficiency - rickets |
| vitamin E (tocopherol) | antioxidant maintains cell membranes |
| vitamin K | deficiency - defective blood clotting |
| minerals | inorganic nutrients required in small amounts |
| overnourishment | consuming more nutrients than body needs |
| obesity | excessive accumulation of fats |
| leptin | hormone that suppresses appetite |
| weight loss plans | programs to counter weight gain/obesity |
| low-carb diets | Atkins and Zone Diets |
| low-fat diets | Pritikin and Ornish Diet |
| glycemic index diets | South Beach Diet |
| formula diet | Slim-Fast Diet |
| group-approach diet | Weight-Watchers |
| low-density lipoprotein (LDL) | bad cholesterol associated with vascular disease |
| high-density lipoprotein (HDL) | good cholesterol lesses chance of vascular disease |
